Naslag
Bronnenbibliotheek
Wij citeren alleen verifieerbare bronnen met werkende link of DOI — nooit verzonnen. Dit is het volledige overzicht (1033 bronnen). Lees ookhoe wij bewijs beoordelen.
Cochrane-reviews (13)
- Ateş G, Welsch P, Klose P, Phillips T, Lambers B, Häuser W, Radbruch L (2026). Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD012182.pub3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub3
- Ateş G, Welsch P, Klose P, Phillips T, Lambers B, Häuser W, Radbruch L (2026). Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub3
- Filippini G, Minozzi S, Borrelli F, Cinquini M, Dwan K (2022). Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013444.pub2
- Gloss D, Vickrey B. (2014). Cannabinoids for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009270.pub3
- Hauser W, Welsch P, Radbruch L, Fisher E, Bell RF, Moore RA (2023). Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014915.pub2
- Kafil TS, Nguyen TM, MacDonald JK, Chande N (2020). Cannabis for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Evidence From Cochrane Reviews. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. doi:10.1093/ibd/izz233
- Kafil TS, Nguyen TM, MacDonald JK, Chande N (2018). Cannabis for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012954.pub2
- Lundh A, Lexchin J, Mintzes B, Schroll JB, Bero L (2017). Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub3
- Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, Petzke F, Häuser W (2018). Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2
- Schünemann HJ, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, et al. (Cochrane) (2024). Chapter 14: Completing 'Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. link
- Smith LA, Azariah F, Lavender VTC, Stoner NS, Bettiol S (2015). Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11, CD009464. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009464.pub2
- Spiga F, Parkhouse T, Tang VM, Savovic J, Le Foll B, Nielsen S (2025). Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub4
- Walitt B, Klose P, Fitzcharles MA, Phillips T, Hauser W (2016). Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011694.pub2
Systematische reviews (163)
- (systematische review CIPN RCT's) (2026). Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. link
- Abioye A, Ayodele O, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Akinwekomi A, Sanyaolu A (2020). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes. Journal of Cannabis Research. doi:10.1186/s42238-020-0016-7
- Ahmed S, Roth RM, Stanciu CN, Brunette MF (2021). The Impact of THC and CBD in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694394
- Ahmed W, Katz S (2018). Therapeutic Use of Cannabis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. link
- Anderson GD, Chan LN (2016). Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Tobacco, Cannabinoids and Smoking Cessation Products. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0400-9
- Andre R, Gomes AP, Pereira-Leite C, et al. (2024). The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). doi:10.3390/ph17111543
- Auteurs Pharmacological Research (zie DOI) (2022). Cannabis induced psychosis: A systematic review on the role of genetic polymorphisms. Pharmacological Research. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106205
- Avila C, Massick S, Kaffenberger BH, Kwatra SG, Bechtel M (2020). Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pruritus: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.036
- Babayeva M, Loewy ZG. (2023). Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. doi:10.3390/cimb45040228
- Balachandran R, Co M, Turner JW, Turner AJ, Bhatt DL, Harris JA, Bhatt DL (2024). Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1282831
- Barakji J, Korang SK, Feinberg J, Maagaard M, Mathiesen O, Gluud C, Jakobsen JC (2023). Cannabinoids versus placebo for pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. PLOS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267420
- Beletsky A, Liu C, Lochte B, Samuel N, Grant I (2024). Cannabis and Anxiety: A Critical Review. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids. doi:10.1159/000534855
- Bell AD, MacCallum C, Margolese S, et al. (2024). Effectiveness of Cannabidiol to Manage Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Management Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.10.003
- Beyer, E. et al. (2024). Brain reward function in people who use cannabis: a systematic review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1323609
- Blankman JL, Cravatt BF (2013). Chemical Probes of Endocannabinoid Metabolism. Pharmacological Reviews 65(2):849-871. doi:10.1124/pr.112.006387
- Boylan PM, et al. (2024). Cannabinoids for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. doi:10.1002/phar.4622
- Cambraia Pereira G, et al. (2021). High frequency of spin bias in controlled trials of cannabis derivatives and their synthetic analogues: A meta-epidemiologic study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.08.024
- Campana MD, de Paolis G, Sammartino G, Bucci P, Aliberti A, Gasparro R (2025). Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Perspectives for Management of Orofacial Pain, Oral Inflammation and Bone Healing — A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(8):3766. doi:10.3390/ijms26083766
- Campello de Oliveira M, Capelo Vides M, Silva Lassi DL, et al. (2023). Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids in K2/Spice: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences. doi:10.3390/brainsci13070990
- Cascorbi I, Haber M, Werk AN (2023). Clinical Pharmacology of Cannabinoid Therapeutics: Drug Interactions and Side Effects. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.3037
- Cawkwell PB, Hong DS, Leikauf JE (2021). Neurodevelopmental Effects of Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Emerging Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000303
- Chesney E, Siskind D, Obuobi-Donkor G, et al. (2024). Psychosis associated with cannabis withdrawal: systematic review and case series. The British Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.189
- Chisini LA, Cademartori MG, Francia A, Mederos M, Grazioli G, Conde MCM, Correa MB (2019). Is the use of Cannabis associated with periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontal Research. doi:10.1111/jre.12639
- Chou R, et al. (Pacific Northwest EPC) (2025). Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2025 Update. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- Christensen C, Rose M, Cornett C, Allesoe A (2023). Decoding the Postulated Entourage Effect of Medicinal Cannabis: What It Is and What It Isn't. Biomedicines. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082323
- Coelho CF, et al. (2024). The Impact of Cannabidiol Treatment on Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Life (Basel). doi:10.3390/life14111373
- Colizzi M, Bhattacharyya S (2018). Cannabis use and the development of tolerance: a systematic review of human evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.014
- Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Budney AJ, Le Foll B, Hall WD (2022). Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.15743
- Corsi DJ, Murphy MSQ, Cook J (2021). The Effects of Cannabis on Female Reproductive Health Across the Life Course. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 6(4):275-287. doi:10.1089/can.2020.0065
- Craft RM, Marusich JA, Wiley JL (2013). Sex differences in cannabinoid pharmacology: a reflection of differences in the endocannabinoid system?. Life Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.009
- Dalavaye N, Nicholas M, Pillai M, Erridge S, Sodergren MH (2024). The Clinical Translation of α-humulene – A Scoping Review. Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/a-2307-8183
- Damkier P, Lassen D, Christensen MMH, et al. (2019). Interaction between warfarin and cannabis. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. doi:10.1111/bcpt.13152
- Decuyper II, Van Gasse AL, Cop N, Sabato V, Faber MA, Mertens C, Bridts CH, Hagendorens MM, De Clerck L, Rihs HP, Ebo DG (2017). Cannabis sativa allergy: looking through the fog. Allergy. doi:10.1111/all.13043
- Deng H, Li W (red.) (2025). FAAH and MAGL inhibition: Evolving approaches for endocannabinoid system modulation. Pharmacology & Therapeutics / ScienceDirect. link
- Dhamija D, Bello AO, Khan AA, Gutlapalli SD, Sohail M, Patel PA, Midha S, Shukla S, Mohammed L (2023). Evaluation of Efficacy of Cannabis Use in Patients With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.40969
- Diaz-Sanchez ?? / Mahabir VK, et al. (2022). The Safety of Dronabinol and Nabilone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). doi:10.3390/ph15010100
- Didik SA, et al. (2024). The effects of cannabinoids on the kidney. Acta Physiologica. doi:10.1111/apha.14247
- Eagleston LRM, Kalani NK, Patel RR, et al. (red.) / MDPI (2023). Cannabinoids and Their Receptors in Skin Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms242216523
- Ebo DG, Van Gasse AL, Decuyper II, et al. (2024). IgE-Mediated Cannabis Allergy and Cross-Reactivity Syndromes: A Roadmap for Correct Diagnosis and Management. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. doi:10.1007/s11882-024-01159-5
- Ehrenkranz J, Levine MA (2019). Bones and Joints: The Effects of Cannabinoids on the Skeleton. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104(10):4683-4694. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00665
- Elliott J, DeJean D, Clifford T, et al. (2019). Cannabis-based products for pediatric epilepsy: A systematic review. Epilepsia. doi:10.1111/epi.14608
- Erridge S, Mangal N, Salazar O, Pacchetti B, Sodergren MH (2020). Cannflavins – From plant to patient: A scoping review. Fitoterapia. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104712
- et al. (2024). The effects of standardized cannabis products in healthy volunteers and patients: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1411631
- et al. (2024). Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1282831
- Ferber SG, Namdar D, Hen-Shoval D, et al. (2020). The 'Entourage Effect': Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Current Neuropharmacology. doi:10.2174/1570159X17666190903103923
- Ferreira I, Lopes CM, Amaral MH (2024). Treatment Advances for Acne Vulgaris: The Scientific Role of Cannabinoids. Cosmetics 11(1):22. doi:10.3390/cosmetics11010022
- Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Häuser W, et al. (2016). Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Cannabinoid Treatments in the Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthritis Care & Research (Hoboken). doi:10.1002/acr.22727
- Francisco AP, Lethbridge G, Patterson B, Bergmann CG, Van Ameringen M (2022). Cannabis use in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A scoping review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. link
- Freeman AM, Petrilli K, Lees R, Hindocha C, Mokrysz C, Curran HV, Saunders R, Freeman TP (2019). How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107:696-712. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036
- Grotenhermen F (2003). Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. link
- Grotenhermen F (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003
- Guggisberg J, Schumacher M, Gilmore G, Zylla DM (2022). Cannabis as an Anticancer Agent: A Review of Clinical Data and Assessment of Case Reports. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0045
- Gwinn KD, Leung M, Stephens A, Punja ZK (2023). Fungal and mycotoxin contaminants in cannabis and hemp flowers: implications for consumer health and directions for further research. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1278189
- Herdegen T, Cascorbi I (2023). Drug Interactions of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in Cannabinoid Drugs: Recommendations for Clinical Practice. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0223
- Ho C, et al. (2024). Evaluation of potential drug–drug interactions with medical cannabis. Clinical and Translational Science. doi:10.1111/cts.13812
- Ho JH, Bhatt DL, Sasson I, et al. (2024). Evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions with medical cannabis. Clinical and Translational Science. doi:10.1111/cts.13812
- Inchingolo F, et al. (2021). Cannabinoids Drugs and Oral Health—From Recreational Side-Effects to Medicinal Purposes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms22158329
- Internationaal Journal of Legal Medicine (systematische review) (2026). Impact of CBD and hemp oil use on drug test results: a systematic review. International Journal of Legal Medicine. doi:10.1007/s00414-026-03790-5
- Javid F, et al. (2025). Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids Against Gliomas: A Systematic Review (2022–2025). Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. doi:10.1002/prp2.70160
- Kano M, Ohno-Shosaku T, Hashimotodani Y, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M (2009). Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiological Reviews. doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2008
- Kayser RR, et al. (2025). New treatments for OCD? Evidence for cannabinoids and psychedelics. Journal of Psychiatric Research. link
- Kearsey LJ, et al. (2023). Biosynthesis of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid: the gateways to further cannabinoid production. Synthetic Biology (Oxford). doi:10.1093/synbio/ysac025
- Kinsey SG, Llorente-Berzal A (2026). FAAH and MAGL inhibition: Evolving approaches to treating substance use disorders. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173966
- Kocis PT, Vrana KE; Antoniou T, et al. (2022). Clinical Relevance of Drug Interactions with Cannabis: A Systematic Review. Drug Safety / PMC. link
- Kuhathasan N, et al. (2022). Is There a Place for Medicinal Cannabis in Treating Patients with Sleep Disorders? What We Know so Far. Nature and Science of Sleep. doi:10.2147/NSS.S340949
- Laux-Biehlmann A et al. (2024). Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. link
- Lee C, Danielson EC, Beestrum M, et al. (2023). Medical Cannabis and Its Efficacy/Effectiveness for the Treatment of Low-Back Pain: a Systematic Review. Current Pain and Headache Reports. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01189-0
- Lee JH, Yoon JY, Kim DH, Kwon YG, Kim GH, Park BJ, Suh DH (2024). Potential of cannabidiol as acne and acne scar treatment: novel insights into molecular pathways of pathophysiological factors. Archives of Dermatological Research 316:428. doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03131-9
- Leite GO, Barbosa LM, Figueiredo IS, et al. (2021). Pharmacological and toxicological activities of α-humulene and its isomers: A systematic review. Trends in Food Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.049
- Li H, et al. (2024). Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules29225471
- Lo LA, Christiansen A, Eadie L, Strickland JC, Kim DD, Boivin M, Barr AM, MacCallum CA (2023). Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine. doi:10.1111/joim.13627
- Lopera V, Rodríguez A, Amariles P (2022). Clinical Relevance of Drug Interactions with Cannabis: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(5):1154. doi:10.3390/jcm11051154
- Lopera V, Rodríguez A, Amariles P (2022). Clinical Relevance of Drug Interactions with Cannabis: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. doi:10.3390/jcm11051154
- López-Olmos, C.; García-Valverde, M.T.; Hidalgo, J.; Ferreiro-Vera, C.; Sánchez de Medina, V. (2022). Comprehensive comparison of industrial cannabinoid extraction techniques: Evaluation of the most relevant patents and studies at pilot scale. Frontiers in Natural Products. doi:10.3389/fntpr.2022.1043147
- Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Schneider J (2018). The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bcp.13710
- Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Schneider J (en latere overzichten) (2018). The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology / pharmacokinetische overzichtsliteratuur. link
- Maddison KJ, Kosky C, Walsh JH (2022). Is There a Place for Medicinal Cannabis in Treating Patients with Sleep Disorders? What We Know so Far. Nature and Science of Sleep. doi:10.2147/NSS.S340949
- Magno LAV, Tameirão DR, Alves LF, Guimarães NS (2024). Effect of recreational cannabis use on bone mineral density: a systematic review. Osteoporosis International 35(3):391-399. doi:10.1007/s00198-023-06992-4
- Mahmoudinoodezh H, Telukutla SR, Bhangu SK, et al. (2022). The Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Cannabinoids. Pharmaceutics. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14020438
- McDonagh MS, Morasco BJ, Wagner J, et al. (2025). Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain: An Updated Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/ANNALS-25-03152
- McLaren K, Erridge S, Sodergren MH (2025). A Scoping Systematic Review of Cannabis Use in Endometriosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. doi:10.1111/ajo.70081
- Meah F, Lundholm M, Emanuele N, et al. (2022). The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09682-w
- Mendoza S. (2025). The role of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in metabolic disorders: A promising cannabinoid for diabetes and weight management. AIMS Neuroscience. doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2025003
- Menezes IO, Scherf JR, Martins AO, Brito Pereira Bezerra Ramos AG, Barbosa Quintans JS, Siqueira Coutinho HD, Melo Ribeiro Filho J, Menezes IRA (2021). Biological properties of terpinolene evidenced by in silico, in vitro and in vivo tests: a systematic review. Phytomedicine. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153768
- Millar SA, Stone NL, Bellman ZD, et al. (2019). A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bcp.14038
- Millar SA, Stone NL, Bellman ZD, Yates AS, England TJ, O'Sullivan SE (2019). A systematic review of cannabidiol dosing in clinical populations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bcp.14038
- Millar SA, Stone NL, Yates AS, O'Sullivan SE (2018). A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
- Morales P, Reggio PH (2017). Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_4
- Moreno-López N, Moreno-López C, Amariles P (2025). Cannabis-based products for medicinal use in dogs and cats: a systematic review. Journal of Small Animal Practice. doi:10.1111/jsap.13913
- Moreno-Sanz G (2016). Can You Pass the Acid Test? Critical Review and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0008
- Moura L, Costa J, Vaz-Carneiro A, et al. (2025). Are Cannabis-Based Medicines a Useful Treatment for Neuropathic Pain? A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 15(6):816. doi:10.3390/biom15060816
- Muller C, Morales P, Reggio PH (2019). Cannabinoid Ligands Targeting TRP Channels. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00487
- Murni W, Umar TP, Tandarto K, Simatupang A, Hasugian AR, Purwoko RY, et al. (2023). Efficacy and safety of medical cannabinoids in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. einstein (São Paulo). doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RW0387
- Nachnani R, et al. (2024). Systematic review of drug-drug interactions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1282831
- Narwani V, Bourdillon A, Nalamada K, Manes RP, Hildrew DM (2020). Does cannabis alleviate tinnitus? A review of the current literature. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. doi:10.1002/lio2.479
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. doi:10.17226/24625
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Respiratory Disease (Chapter 7). National Academies Press / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. The National Academies Press. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Exposure to Cannabis. National Academies Press. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press (NCBI Bookshelf). link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). Cannabis Use and the Abuse of Other Substances (Chapter 14). In: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. National Academies Press / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Institute of Justice (Hall W. e.a., literatuuroverzicht) (2018). Is Cannabis a Gateway Drug? Key Findings and Literature Review. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (NCJ 252950). link
- Nielsen S, Sabioni P, Trigo JM, et al. (2017). Opioid-Sparing Effect of Cannabinoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.51
- Noor A, Khalid S, Gilani SN, Hassan MS, Asghar MN (2024). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Terpenoids for Depression and Anxiety. Chemistry & Biodiversity 21(10):e202400788. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202400788
- Noori A, Miroshnychenko A, Shergill Y, et al. (2021). Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047717
- Nuutinen T (2018). Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076
- O'Neil ME, Nugent SM, Morasco BJ, et al. (2017). Benefits and Harms of Plant-Based Cannabis for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M17-0477
- O'Sullivan SE (2016). An update on PPAR activation by cannabinoids. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.13497
- Outen JD, Burhanullah MH, Vandrey R, et al. (2021). Cannabinoids for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.015
- Pacheco-Colón, I., Limia, J.M., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Nonacute effects of cannabis use on motivation and reward sensitivity in humans: A systematic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. doi:10.1037/adb0000380
- Pacheco-Colón, I., Ramírez, A.R., & Gonzalez, R. (2019). Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Motivation and Depression: A Systematic Review. Current Addiction Reports. doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00274-y
- Page RL 2nd, et al. (review) (2023). Cannabis and adverse cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PMC (peer-reviewed). link
- Papakyriakopoulou P, et al. (2026). Cannabinoids and drug–drug pharmacokinetic interactions: Deciphering the risks. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1002/bcp.70430
- Park SY, An YS, Park SY (2021). Recent studies on pinene and its biological and pharmacological activities. EXCLI Journal. link
- Patel S, Hill MN, Cheer JF, Wotjak CT, Holmes A (2018). The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 76(Pt A):56-66. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033
- Payne KS, Mazur DJ, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW (2019). Cannabis and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review. Journal of Urology 202(3):674-681. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000248
- Petrilli K, Ofori S, Hines L, Taylor G, Adams S, Freeman TP (2022). Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: a systematic review. The Lancet Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00161-4
- Piscura MK, Henderson-Redmond AN, Barnes RC, Mitra S, Guindon J, Morgan DJ (2023). Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance. Biochemical Pharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115665
- Poyatos L, Pérez-Acevedo AP, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Martin S, Hladun O, Siles A, Torrens M, Busardò FP, Farré M (2020). Oral Administration of Cannabis and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Preparations: A Systematic Review. Medicina. doi:10.3390/medicina56060309
- Price RL, Charlot KV, Frieler S, Dettori JR, Oskouian R, Chapman JR (2022). The Efficacy of Cannabis in Reducing Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Global Spine Journal. doi:10.1177/21925682211065411
- Procopio AC, et al. (2025). Comprehensive mini-review: therapeutic potential of cannabigerol - focus on the cardiovascular system. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1561385
- Redonnet B, et al. (2025). Efficacy of cannabidiol alone or in combination with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for the management of substance use disorders: an umbrella review of the evidence. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.16745
- Ribeiro LIG, Ind PW (2016). Effect of cannabis smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms: a structured literature review. npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71
- Rittiphairoj T, Leslie L, Oberste JP, Yim TW, Tung G, Bero L, Riggs P, Hutchison K, Samet J, Li T (2025). High-Concentration Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Products and Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/ANNALS-24-03819
- Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Pertwee RG, Mechoulam R, Parker LA (2021). Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and cannabidiolic acid methyl ester as treatments for nausea and vomiting. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0041
- Rogers CI, Pacanowski CR (2023). The relationship between cannabis and anorexia nervosa: a scoping review. Journal of Eating Disorders. doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00887-9
- Romano GL et al. (2025). Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Fibromyalgia. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. link
- Sainsbury B, et al. (2021). Cannabinoids versus placebo for pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. PLOS ONE / PMC. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280675
- Salehi B et al. (2019). Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules. doi:10.3390/biom9110738
- Scholfield CN, Waranuch N, Kongkaew C (2023). Systematic Review on Transdermal/Topical Cannabidiol Trials: A Reconsidered Way Forward. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0154
- Scott C, Hall S, Zhou J, Lehmann C (2024). Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System in Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Long COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. doi:10.3390/jcm13010227
- Seifalian A, Kenyon J, Khullar V (2022). Dysmenorrhoea: Can Medicinal Cannabis Bring New Hope for a Collective Group of Women Suffering in Pain, Globally?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(24):16201. doi:10.3390/ijms232416201
- Sepulveda DE, Vrana KE, Graziane NM, Raup-Konsavage WM (2024). The Potential of Cannabichromene (CBC) as a Therapeutic Agent. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002166
- Sharir H, Abood ME (2010). Pharmacological characterization of GPR55, a putative cannabinoid receptor. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.004
- Sherman JJ, Riche DM (2026). Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy due to Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1177/25785125261425444
- Sherpa ML, Shrestha N, Ojinna BT, et al. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Medical Marijuana in Migraine Headache: A Systematic Review. Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.32622
- Shustorovich A, Corroon J, Wallace MS, Sexton M (2024). Biphasic effects of cannabis and cannabinoid therapy on pain severity, anxiety, and sleep disturbance: a scoping review. Pain Medicine. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae004
- Siebers M, Biedermann SV, Fuss J (2023). Do Endocannabinoids Cause the Runner's High? Evidence and Open Questions. The Neuroscientist. doi:10.1177/10738584211069981
- Singh SK, et al. (2026). Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update. Journal of Cannabis Research. doi:10.1186/s42238-026-00387-y
- Skypala IJ, Jeimy S, Brucker H, Ellis AK, Silvers WS, Ebo DG, et al. (2022). Cannabis-related allergies: An international overview and consensus recommendations. Allergy. doi:10.1111/all.15237
- Smythe MA, Wu W, Garwood CL (2023). Anticoagulant drug-drug interactions with cannabinoids: A systematic review. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. doi:10.1002/phar.2881
- Sokolaj E, Assareh N, Anderson K, Aubrey KR, Vaughan CW (2024). Cannabis constituents for chronic neuropathic pain; reconciling the clinical and animal evidence. Journal of Neurochemistry. doi:10.1111/jnc.15964
- Sorensen CJ, DeSanto K, Borgelt L, Phillips KT, Monte AA (2017). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment—a Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Toxicology. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0595-z
- Sorkhou M, Dent EL, George TP (2024). Cannabis use and mood disorders: a systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1346207
- Souza JDR, Pacheco JC, Rossi GN, De-Paulo BO, Zuardi AW, Guimarães FS, Hallak JEC, Crippa JA, Dos Santos RG (2022). Adverse Effects of Oral Cannabidiol: An Updated Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020-2022). Pharmaceutics 14(12):2598. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14122598
- Stanciu CN, Brunette MF, Teja N, Budney AJ (2021). Evidence for Use of Cannabinoids in Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and PTSD: A Systematic Review. Psychiatric Services. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000189
- Stoner SA (review of recent findings) (2023). THC, CBD, and Anxiety: A review of recent findings on the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of cannabis' primary cannabinoids. PMC (review article). link
- Strand NH, Maloney J, Kraus M, et al. (2023). Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061621
- Sznitman SR, et al. (2025). Medical cannabis in Israel: a comprehensive review of trends and regulations, 2011-2025. Journal of Cannabis Research. doi:10.1186/s42238-025-00344-1
- Tagen M, Klumpers LE (2022). Review of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC): Comparative pharmacology with Δ9-THC. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.15865
- Tahir MN, Shahbazi Raz F, Rondeau-Gagné S, Trant JF (2021). The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids. Journal of Cannabis Research. doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00062-4
- van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Lammers M, et al. (2014). Efficacy and safety of medical cannabinoids in older subjects: a systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.007
- Various (PMC review) (2024). Chemistry and Pharmacology of Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol. PMC / peer-reviewed review. link
- Vaughn SE, Strawn JR, Poweleit EA, Sarangdhar M, Ramsey LB (2021). The Impact of Marijuana on Antidepressant Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations. Journal of Personalized Medicine. doi:10.3390/jpm11070615
- Villanueva MRB, et al. (2023). Effectiveness of Cannabidiol to Manage Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Management Nursing. link
- Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, et al. (2021). Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1034
- Wang Y, Robinson KR, et al. (2023). Medical Cannabis Use and Its Impact on Health Among Older Adults. Current Addiction Reports. doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00519-x
- Wilson KM, Torok MR, Wei B, et al. (2017). Health effects of exposure to second- and third-hand marijuana smoke: a systematic review. CMAJ Open. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20170112
- Wolfe D, Corace K, Butler C, et al. (2023). Impacts of medical and non-medical cannabis on the health of older adults: Findings from a scoping review of the literature. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281826
- Zou S, Kumar U (2016). Cannabinoid Receptors in the Central Nervous System: Their Signaling and Roles in Disease. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00294
Meta-analyses (44)
- Abdelrahman AI, et al. (2024). Efficacy of cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00228-024-03710-9
- Aviram J, Samuelly-Leichtag G (2017). Efficacy of Cannabis-Based Medicines for Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Physician. link
- Bahji A, Chinna Meyyappan A, Hawken ER (2020). Cannabinoids for the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1177/0706743719892717
- Bahji A, Stephenson C, Tyo R, Hawken ER, Seitz DP (2020). Prevalence of Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms Among People With Regular or Dependent Use of Cannabinoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2370
- Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Kasman A, Kold Jensen T, Jørgensen N, Salonia A, Eisenberg ML (2021). The association between cannabis use and testicular function in men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 9(2):503-510. doi:10.1111/andr.12953
- Bhagavan C, Kung S, Doppen M, John M, Vakalalabure I, Oldfield K, Braithwaite I, Newton-Howes G (2020). Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS Drugs. doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x
- Bilbao A, Spanagel R (2022). Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. BMC Medicine. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
- Black N, et al. (2026). The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. link
- Black N, et al. (2026). The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. link
- Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L (2019). Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 6(12):995-1010. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8
- Boland EG, Bennett MI, Allgar V, Boland JW (2020). Cannabinoids for adult cancer-related pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-002032
- Cappelleti Beneti Branco L, Borja De Oliveira I, Alves GAM, Teranishi M, Xavier D, Sávio Schneider Motta E, Wagner F, Geremias ML, de Vasconcelos AV, Gonçalves Tames Zambrana AC, De Aquino JP (2025). Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Cannabis Extracts for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. European Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.369
- Chesney E, Oliver D, Green A, Sovi S, Wilson J, Englund A, Freeman TP, McGuire P (2020). Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 45(11):1799-1806. doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0667-2
- et al. (2025). Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews (PubMed). link
- Europese Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (systematische review en meta-analyse) (2026). Cannabidiol for the treatment of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02249-3
- Foglia E, Schoeler T, Klamerus E, Morgan C, Bhattacharyya S (2017). Cannabis use and adherence to antipsychotic medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. link
- Gedin F, Blomé S, Pontén M, et al. (2022). Placebo Response and Media Attention in Randomized Clinical Trials Assessing Cannabis-Based Therapies for Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43848
- Ghasemiesfe M, Barrow B, Leonard S, Keyhani S, Korenstein D (2019). Association Between Marijuana Use and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318
- Gibbs M, Winsper C, Marwaha S, Gilbert E, Broome M, Singh SP (2015). Cannabis use and mania symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.016
- Häuser W, Welsch P, Klose P, Radbruch L, Fitzcharles MA (2019). Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for cancer pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Schmerz 33(5):424-436. doi:10.1007/s00482-019-0373-3
- Kleiner D, et al. (2023). Nabiximols is Efficient as Add-On Treatment for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Refractory to Standard Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. Current Neuropharmacology 21(12):2505-2515. doi:10.2174/1570159X21666230727094431
- Lo JO, Ayers CK, Yeddala S, et al. (2025). Prenatal Cannabis Use and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.0689
- Lo JO, Shaw B, Robalino S, et al. (2024). Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2022.0262
- Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E (2016). Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw003
- Mücke M, Weier M, Carter C, et al. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 9(2):220-234. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12273
- Robinson T, Ali MU, Easterbrook B, et al. (2022). Risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and the development of psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291722000502
- Rogeberg O, Elvik R (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction 111(8):1348-1359. doi:10.1111/add.13347
- Rup J, Freeman TP, Perlman C, Hammond D (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in cannabis use disorder amongst people with comorbid mental illness. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. doi:10.1080/00952990.2021.1946071
- Scott JC, Slomiak ST, Jones JD, et al. (2018). Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335
- Sebastian SA, Shah Y, Arsene C, Krishnamoorthy G (2025). Cannabis use and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes: A meta-analysis of multinational cohort data. Disease-a-Month. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101849
- Simon L, Baldwin C, Kalea AZ, Slee A (2021). Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12861
- Sophocleous A, Yiallourides M, Zeng Z, Pantelas A, Stylianou P, Li L, Carrasco C, Idris AI (2021). Association of cannabinoid receptor modulation with normal and abnormal skeletal remodelling: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro, in vivo and human studies. Pharmacology Research 174:105928. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105928
- Storck W, et al. (2025). Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2024-325429
- Thanabalasingam SJ, Ranjith B, Jackson R, Wijeratne DT (2021). Cannabis and its derivatives for the use of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. doi:10.1177/17562864211018561
- Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ (2001). Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ 2001;323:16-21. link
- Tsuda Y, Saruwatari J, Yasui-Furukori N (2014). Meta-analysis: the effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and clozapine. BMJ Open. link
- Urbi B, Corbett J, Hughes I, Owusu MA, Thorning S, Broadley SA, Sabet A, Heshmat S (2022). Effects of Cannabis in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Parkinson's Disease. doi:10.3233/JPD-212923
- Vaid R, Fareed A, Qader R, et al. (2025). Cannabis use in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Irish Journal of Medical Science. doi:10.1007/s11845-024-03844-w
- Vermersch P, et al. (2023). Nabiximols is Efficient as Add-On Treatment for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Refractory to Standard Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. PubMed (CNS Drugs). link
- Wade DT, Collin C, Stott C, Duncombe P (2010). Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Sativex (nabiximols), on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16(6):707-714. link
- White MA, Burns NR (2023). Does the co-use of cannabis exacerbate the effect of alcohol on the risk of crashing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Science, Policy and Law. doi:10.1177/20503245231177334
- Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. (2015). Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358
- Wilson JK, Freeman TP et al. (2026). The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(26)00015-5
- Yimer B, et al. (2024). The relationship between cannabis and nicotine use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.16642
Gerandomiseerde studies (RCT) (118)
- Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL (2007). Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200
- Aghaei AM, Spechler PA, Geddes L, et al. (2024). Sex Differences in the Acute Effects of Oral THC: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Human Laboratory Study. medRxiv (preprint). doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.23299193
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore (2023). Cannabidivarin (CBDV) vs. Placebo in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (NCT03202303). ClinicalTrials.gov. link
- Almog S, Aharon-Peretz J, Vulfsons S, et al. (2020). The pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a novel selective-dose cannabis inhaler in patients with chronic pain: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Pain. doi:10.1002/ejp.1605
- Andries A, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Støving RK (2014). Dronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders. doi:10.1002/eat.22173
- Aran A, Harel M, Cassuto H, Polyansky L, Schnapp A, Wattad N, Shmueli D, Golan D, Castellanos FX (2021). Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial. Molecular Autism. doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00420-2
- Bansal S, et al. (2023). Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.2973
- Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RHC, Chagas MHN, et al. (2011). Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6
- Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS (2006). Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kei183
- Boggs DL, Surti T, Gupta A, Gupta S, Niciu M, Pittman B, Schnakenberg Martin AM, Thurnauer H, Davies A, D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M (2018). The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4885-9
- Bonn-Miller MO, Sisley S, Riggs P, et al. (2021). The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246990
- Carley DW, Prasad B, Reid KJ, Malkani R, Attarian H, Abbott SM, et al. (2018). Pharmacotherapy of Apnea by Cannabimimetic Enhancement, the PACE Clinical Trial: Effects of Dronabinol in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx184
- Childs E, Lutz JA, de Wit H (2017). Dose-related effects of delta-9-THC on emotional responses to acute psychosocial stress. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.030
- Childs E, Lutz JA, de Wit H (2017). Dose-related effects of delta-9-THC on emotional responses to acute psychosocial stress. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.030
- ClinicalTrials.gov (registry record NCT04520685) (2024). CASCADE: CAnnabidiol Study in Children With Autism Spectrum DisordEr. ClinicalTrials.gov. link
- Cohen LM, Forester BP, Rosenberg PB, et al. (2025). A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Dronabinol for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2025.05.006
- Consroe P, Laguna J, Allender J, et al. (1991). Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90386-G
- Cooper RE, Williams E, Seegobin S, Tye C, Kuntsi J, Asherson P (2017). Cannabinoids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomised-controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.05.005
- Cooper ZD, Bedi G, Ramesh D, Balter R, Comer SD, Haney M (2018). Impact of co-administration of oxycodone and smoked cannabis on analgesia and abuse liability. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0011-2
- Curtis A, Mitchell I, Patel S, Ives N, Rickards H (2009). A pilot study using nabilone for symptomatic treatment in Huntington's disease. Movement Disorders. doi:10.1002/mds.22809
- Cuttler C, Stueber A, Cooper ZD, Russo E (2024). Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0
- Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. (Cannabidiol in Dravet Syndrome Study Group) (2017). Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611618
- Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, et al. (2018). Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1714631
- Downey LA, King R, Papafotiou K, et al. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident Analysis & Prevention. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016
- Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, et al. (2013). Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. Journal of Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1177/0269881112460109
- Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, et al. (2013). Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. Journal of Psychopharmacology. link
- Fairhurst C, Kumar R, Checketts D, Tayo B, Turner S (2020). Efficacy and safety of nabiximols cannabinoid medicine for paediatric spasticity in cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. doi:10.1111/dmcn.14548
- Fallon MT, Albert Lux E, McQuade R, et al. (2017). Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies. British Journal of Pain. doi:10.1177/2049463717710042
- Gamble LJ, Boesch JM, Frye CW, et al. (2018). Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00165
- Gorbenko AA, et al. (2024). Cannabidiol Increases Psychotropic Effects and Plasma Concentrations of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Without Improving Its Analgesic Properties. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.3381
- Grimison P, Mersiades A, Kirby A, et al. (2020). Oral THC:CBD cannabis extract for refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II crossover trial. Annals of Oncology, 31(11):1553-1560. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.07.020
- Grimison P, Mersiades A, Kirby A, et al. (2024). Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. doi:10.1200/JCO.23.01836
- GW Pharmaceuticals (persbericht via CURE Epilepsy) (2018). GW Pharmaceuticals Announces That Pipeline Compound GWP42006 (cannabidivarin) Did Not Meet Primary Endpoint in Phase 2a Study. CURE Epilepsy. link
- Hansen JS, Hansen RM, Petersen T, et al. (2023). Cannabis-Based Medicine for Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity—A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). doi:10.3390/ph16081079
- Hartman RL, Brown TL, Milavetz G, et al. (2016). Controlled vaporized cannabis, with and without alcohol: subjective effects and oral fluid-blood cannabinoid relationships. Drug Testing and Analysis. doi:10.1002/dta.1839
- Hartman RL, Brown TL, Milavetz G, Spurgin A, Gorelick DA, Gaffney G, Huestis MA (2015). Controlled Cannabis Vaporizer Administration: Blood and Plasma Cannabinoids with and without Alcohol. Clinical Chemistry. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.238287
- Heineman JT, Forster GL, Stephens KL, Cottler PS, Timko MP, DeGeorge BR Jr (2022). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Topical Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis. Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume). doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.03.002
- Hermush et al. (2025). Enhancing cannabinoid bioavailability: a crossover study comparing a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system and a commercial oil-based formulation. Journal of Cannabis Research. doi:10.1186/s42238-025-00294-8
- Hermush V, Ore L, Stern N, et al. (2022). Effects of rich cannabidiol oil on behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia: A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Medicine. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.951889
- Herrmann N, Ruthirakuhan M, Gallagher D, Verhoeff NPLG, Kiss A, Black SE, Lanctôt KL (2019). Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Nabilone for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.05.002
- Huggins JP, Smart TS, Langman S, Taylor L, Young T (2012). An efficient randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial with the irreversible fatty acid amide hydrolase-1 inhibitor PF-04457845, which modulates endocannabinoids but fails to induce effective analgesia in patients with pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee. British Journal of Anaesthesia 109(5):721-728. doi:10.1093/bja/aer464
- Hurd YL, Spriggs S, Alishayev J, et al. (2019). Cannabidiol for the Reduction of Cue-Induced Craving and Anxiety in Drug-Abstinent Individuals With Heroin Use Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101191
- Hurley EN, Ellaway CJ, Johnson AM, et al. (2022). Efficacy and safety of cannabidivarin treatment of epilepsy in girls with Rett syndrome: A phase 1 clinical trial. Epilepsia. doi:10.1111/epi.17247
- Jadoon KA, Ratcliffe SH, Barrett DA, et al. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study. Diabetes Care. doi:10.2337/dc16-0650
- Jakubovski E, Pisarenko A, Fremer C, et al. (2022). Implications for blinding in clinical trials with THC-containing cannabinoids based on the CANNA-TICS trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.793703
- Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, et al. (2002). Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20(2):567-573. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.20.2.567
- Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D (2015). The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.002
- Johns Hopkins University (2020). Behavioral Pharmacology of THC and Alpha-pinene. ClinicalTrials.gov. link
- Johnson DA, Funnell MP, Heaney LM, et al. (2024). Cannabidiol Oil Ingested as Sublingual Drops or Within Gelatin Capsules Shows Similar Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Males. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2023.0117
- Karschner EL, Darwin WD, Goodwin RS, Wright S, Huestis MA (2011). Plasma Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Oral Δ9-THC and Oromucosal Cannabis Extract Administration. Clinical Chemistry (PMC3717338). doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.157719
- Karst M, Meissner W, Sator S, et al. (2025). Full-spectrum extract from Cannabis sativa DKJ127 for chronic low back pain: a phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nature Medicine. doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03977-0
- Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Schläfke S, Dienel A (2014). Silexan in generalized anxiety disorder — a randomized, double-blind comparison to placebo and paroxetine. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 17(6):859-869. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu063
- Kayser RR, et al. (2020). Cannabinoid Augmentation of Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Depression and Anxiety / J Clin Psychopharmacol. link
- Kimless D, Caloura MK, Goldner S (2021). Cannabidiol (CBD) For the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of the Feet: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism. link
- Klumpers LE, Beumer TL, van Hasselt JGC, et al. (2012). Novel Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol formulation Namisol has beneficial pharmacokinetics and promising pharmacodynamic effects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x
- Kolobaric A, et al. (2024). A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of CBN for Improving Sleep. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). doi:10.3390/ph17080977
- Lavender I, Garden G, Grunstein RR, et al. (2023). Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial. BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071148
- Lavender IG, Hoyos CM, Suraev A, et al. (2026). Cannabinol for Acute Treatment of Insomnia Disorder in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Journal of Sleep Research. doi:10.1111/jsr.70284
- Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, Muhl D, Gerth CW, Hoyer C, Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Koethe D (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.15
- Linares IMP, Guimarães FS, Eckeli A, et al. (2019). Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0015
- Liu Y, Bainbridge J, Sillau S, et al. (2024). Short-term cannabidiol with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Movement Disorders. doi:10.1002/mds.29768
- Lynch ME, Cesar-Rittenberg P, Hohmann AG (2014). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial with extension using an oral mucosal cannabinoid extract for treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.02.018
- Masataka N (2019). Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466
- McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, et al. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325
- Mojoli A, et al. (2025). Effects and safety of a CBD-rich Cannabis sativa oil in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial – CANOA. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1657065
- Morrison G, Crockett J, Blakey G, Sommerville K (2019). A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development. doi:10.1002/cpdd.665
- Mosley PE, Webb L, Suraev A, et al. (2023). Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in Tourette Syndrome. NEJM Evidence. doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2300012
- Müller-Vahl KR, Pisarenko A, Fremer C, et al. (2023). CANNA-TICS: Efficacy and safety of oral treatment with nabiximols in adults with chronic tic disorders – Results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase IIIb superiority study. Psychiatry Research. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115135
- Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, et al. (2002). Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. doi:10.1055/s-2002-25028
- Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, et al. (2003). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0417
- Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Scklerovsky Benjaminov F, et al. (2021). Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246871
- Naftali T, Mechulam R, Marii A, et al. (2017). Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. doi:10.1007/s10620-017-4540-z
- Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Abulseoud OA, Huestis MA (2017). Subjective and Physiological Effects, and Expired Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Smokers Following Smoked, Vaporized, and Oral Cannabis Administration. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.025
- Novotna A, Mares J, Ratcliffe S, et al. (2011). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols (Sativex), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology 18(9):1122-1131. link
- Oh DA, Parikh N, Khurana V, Cognata Smith C, Vetticaden S (2017). Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of dronabinol oral solution versus dronabinol capsules in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications. doi:10.2147/CPAA.S119676
- Parrella NF, et al. (2026). Effects of Cannabidiol on Social Relating, Anxiety, and Parental Stress in Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.70159
- Pinto JV, Crippa JAS, Ceresér KM, Vianna-Sulzbach MF, Silveira Júnior EM, da Rosa GS, Testa da Silva MG, Hizo GH, Medeiros LS, Santana de Oliveira CE, Bristot G, Campos AC, et al. (2024). Cannabidiol as an Adjunctive Treatment for Acute Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1177/07067437231209650
- Rao A, Briskey D, Nalley JO, et al. (2024). Efficacy of Topical Palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) for the Management of Eczema Symptoms: A Double-Blind, Comparator-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. doi:10.1159/000536670
- Riva N, Mora G, Sorarù G, et al. (2019). Safety and efficacy of nabiximols on spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease (CANALS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Neurology. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30406-X
- Robertson R, et al. (2026). High-dose cannabidiol for chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a randomised clinical trial. eClinicalMedicine. link
- Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Stevens CM (1996). Smoking and cycle control among oral contraceptive users. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70440-4
- Sahota P et al. (2026). Cannabidiol in Anorexia Nervosa: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Pilot Study to Test Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Symptom Change. International Journal of Eating Disorders. doi:10.1002/eat.70034
- Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Flynn LT, Zhu Y, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC (2024). Psilocybin pulse regimen reduces cluster headache attack frequency in the blinded extension phase of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2024.122993
- Schindler EAD, Sewell RA, Gottschalk CH, Luddy C, Flynn LT, Zhu Y, Lindsey H, Pittman BP, Cozzi NV, D'Souza DC (2022). Exploratory investigation of a patient-informed low-dose psilocybin pulse regimen in the suppression of cluster headache: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. doi:10.1111/head.14420
- Schuster NM, Wallace MS, Marcotte TD, Buse DC, Lee E, Liu L, Sexton M (2026). Vaporized cannabis versus placebo for acute migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. doi:10.1111/head.70025
- Seevathee K, Kessomboon P, Manimmanakorn N, Luangphimai S, Thaneerat T, Wanaratna K, Plengphanich S, Thaenkham T, Sena W (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Medical Cannabis (THC:CBD:CBN formula) to Treat Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy of Lower Extremities. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids. doi:10.1159/000550537
- Selvarajah D, Gandhi R, Emery CJ, Tesfaye S (2010). Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Cannabis-Based Medicinal Product (Sativex) in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Depression is a major confounding factor. Diabetes Care. link
- Siebers M, Biedermann SV, Bindila L, Lutz B, Fuss J (2021). Exercise-induced euphoria and anxiolysis do not depend on endogenous opioids in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105173
- So GC, et al. (2025). A Phase I Trial of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Cannabidiol and Tacrolimus. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.3504
- Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Kuntz D, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, Vandrey R (2020). Urinary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabinoids Following Administration of Vaporized and Oral Cannabidiol and Vaporized CBD-Dominant Cannabis. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44(2):109-125. doi:10.1093/jat/bkz080
- Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, et al. (2019). Acute Pharmacokinetic Profile of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Human Blood and Oral Fluid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. doi:10.1093/jat/bky104
- Spindle TR, Zamarripa CA, Russo EB, et al. (2024). Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267
- Stefanović M, Osredkar D, Rener-Primec Z, Peterlin J, Laptoš T, Neubauer D (2024). Plant-derived cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with severe cerebral palsy: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.11.007
- Stott C, White L, Wright S, Wilbraham D, Guy G (2013). A Phase I, open-label, randomized, crossover study in three parallel groups to evaluate the effect of Rifampicin, Ketoconazole, and Omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in healthy volunteers. SpringerPlus. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-236
- Strickland JC, Tilton HE, Patton NM, Vandrey R, Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, Lee DC, Bergeria CL, Wolinsky D, Klawitter J, Sempio C, Campos-Palomino J, Christians U, Feldner MT, Irons JG, Bonn-Miller MO (2025). Effect of caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) co-administration on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) subjective effects, performance impairment, and pharmacokinetics. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02232-x
- Suraev A, Lavender IG, Hoyos CM, et al. (2026). Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Sleep Research. doi:10.1111/jsr.70124
- Tarlovski T, et al. (2024). Comparative Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Innovative Sublingual, Rectal and Vaporizer Cannabis Products Versus Approved Cannabis Products in Healthy Volunteers. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2023.0229
- Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Frank IM (1974). Acute effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on specific airway conductance in asthmatic subjects. American Review of Respiratory Disease. doi:10.1164/arrd.1974.109.4.420
- Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Bhathal H, Jansen FE, Kotulska K, Lawson JA, O'Callaghan FJK, Wong M, Sahebkar F, Checketts D, Knappertz V; GWPCARE6 Study Group (2022). Long-term cannabidiol treatment for seizures in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: An open-label extension trial. Epilepsia. link
- Thiele EA, Bebin EM, Filloux F, et al. (2021). Add-on Cannabidiol Treatment for Drug-Resistant Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial (GWPCARE6). JAMA Neurology. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4607
- Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, et al. (2018). Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30136-3
- Thurgur H, et al. (2024). Feasibility of a cannabidiol-dominant cannabis-based medicinal product for the treatment of long COVID symptoms: A single-arm open-label feasibility trial. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bcp.15988
- Tomida I, Azuara-Blanco A, House H, Flint M, Pertwee RG, Robson PJ (2006). Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study. Journal of Glaucoma 15(5):349-353. doi:10.1097/01.ijg.0000212260.04488.60
- Tudge L, Williams C, Cowen PJ, McCabe C (2015). Neural Effects of Cannabinoid CB1 Neutral Antagonist Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Food Reward and Aversion in Healthy Volunteers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu094
- Twelves C, Sabel M, Checketts D, et al. (2021). A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. British Journal of Cancer, 124:1379-1387. doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01259-3
- Twelves C, Sabel M, Checketts D, Miller S, Tayo B, Jove M, Brazil L, Short SC, McBain C, Haylock B, Mulholland P, Herbert C, James A, Hingorani M, Berrouschot J, Fietkau R, Panse J (2021). A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. British Journal of Cancer. doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01259-3
- Twelves C, Short SC, Mulholland P, et al. (2024). A randomised phase II trial of temozolomide with or without cannabinoids in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (ARISTOCRAT): protocol for a multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Cancer. doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11792-4
- van Dam CJ, van der Schrier R, van Velzen M, Dahan A, et al. (2023). Inhaled Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol does not enhance oxycodone-induced respiratory depression: randomised controlled trial in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Anaesthesia. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.10.020
- van de Donk T, Niesters M, Kowal MA, Olofsen E, Dahan A, van Velzen M (2019). An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001464
- van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Verkes RJ, et al. (2015). Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001675
- Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ (1997). Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199709)12:9<913::AID-GPS663>3.0.CO;2-D
- Wallace MS, Marcotte TD, Umlauf A, Gouaux B, Atkinson JH (2015). Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. The Journal of Pain. link
- Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, Robinson A, Ducruet T, Huynh T, Gamsa A, Bennett GJ, Collet JP (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 182(14):E694–E701. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091414
- Weber M, Goldman B, Truniger S (2010). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind crossover trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.192583
- Woelk H, Schläfke S (2010). A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine 17(2):94-99. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.006
- Wong BS, Camilleri M, Busciglio I, Carlson P, Szarka LA, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR (2011). Pharmacogenetic trial of a cannabinoid agonist shows reduced fasting colonic motility in patients with nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.036
- Wong BS, Camilleri M, Eckert D, Carlson P, Ryks M, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR (2012). Randomized pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic trial of dronabinol effects on colon transit in irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01874.x
- Zimmermann S, Reinhard I, Koopmann A, et al. (2025). Acute cannabidiol administration reduces alcohol craving and cue-induced nucleus accumbens activation in individuals with alcohol use disorder: the double-blind randomized controlled ICONIC trial. Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02869-y
Richtlijnen & standpunten (70)
- American Academy of Ophthalmology (2018). Why Eye Doctors Don't Recommend Marijuana for Glaucoma (infographic). American Academy of Ophthalmology (aao.org). link
- American Academy of Ophthalmology (Boyd K, Turbert D) (2023). Does Marijuana Help Treat Glaucoma or Other Eye Conditions?. American Academy of Ophthalmology (aao.org). link
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Winkelman JW, et al.) (2025). Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: an AASM clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. doi:10.5664/jcsm.11390
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2025). Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Lactation (Clinical Consensus No. 10). Obstetrics & Gynecology / ACOG. link
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2024). ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 7: The Use of Cannabis Products for the Management of Pain Associated With Gynecologic Conditions. Obstetrics & Gynecology. link
- American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Expert Panel (2024). Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline. Journal of Clinical Oncology. doi:10.1200/JCO.23.02596
- American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) (2023). All Patients Should be Screened for Cannabis Use Before Surgery, First U.S. Guidelines Recommend. ASRA News. link
- AWVN (Algemene Werkgeversvereniging Nederland) (2024). Alcohol-, drugs- en medicijnen (ADM-beleid). awvn.nl. link
- Bell AD, Bhatt M, Blake A, et al. (2023). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0156
- Bhaskar A, et al. (red.) (2024). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions. PMC (peer-reviewed richtlijn). link
- Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA) (2024). Cannabis and ADHD: A CADDRA Position Statement. CADDRA. link
- Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. (2022). CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. link
- EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) (2025). Safety of synthetic cannabidiol as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA Journal. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9527
- EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) (2026). Update of the statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food. EFSA Journal. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9862
- European Medicines Agency / GW Pharma (2024). Epidyolex (cannabidiol) - Samenvatting van de productkenmerken (EPAR). European Medicines Agency. link
- Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas (2024). Neuropathische pijn — indicatietekst. farmacotherapeutischkompas.nl. link
- Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas (College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen) (2024). Clusterhoofdpijn — indicatietekst. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. link
- Federatie Medisch Specialisten / Richtlijnendatabase (2020). Medicinale cannabis bij de ziekte van Parkinson (Richtlijn Ziekte van Parkinson). Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Gobierno de España (Ministerio de Sanidad) (2025). Real Decreto 903/2025, de 7 de octubre, por el que se regula el uso medicinal del cannabis. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). link
- Herrstedt J, et al. (MASCC/ESMO consensus) (2023). 2023 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Supportive Care in Cancer / ESMO Open. link
- Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. (2020). Antiemetics: ASCO Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Oncology. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01296
- Huisartsgeneeskunde / NHG (2023). Procedure voor voorschrijven van medicinale cannabis. huisarts.bsl.nl. link
- International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Presidential Task Force on Cannabis and Cannabinoid Analgesia (2021). IASP Position Statement on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Pain. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). link
- Irvine D, et al. (2026). Cannabis and Anesthesia: A 2025 Update on Perioperative Considerations. APSF Newsletter 41(1). link
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals / EMA (2024). Epidyolex 100 mg/ml oral solution - Summary of Product Characteristics. electronic medicines compendium (emc). link
- KNMG (2024). Behandelingsovereenkomst (WGBO). knmg.nl — Dossier Patiëntenrechten. link
- KNMG (2024). Informed consent. knmg.nl — Dossier Patiëntenrechten. link
- KNMG (2024). Rechten van de patiënt. knmg.nl — Dossier Patiëntenrechten. link
- KNMG (Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot bevordering der Geneeskunst) (2022). Heeft mijn patiënt recht op een verwijzing voor een second opinion?. knmg.nl. link
- KNMP (2022). Nieuwe bijlage 2-voorwaarden voor geneesmiddelen: onder meer voor cannabidiol. knmp.nl. link
- KNMP Geneesmiddel Informatie Centrum en Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2025). Vergiftiging. Apotheek.nl. link
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Diergeneeskunde (KNMvD) (2022). De nieuwe cascaderegeling onder Verordening (EU) 2019/6. KNMvD.nl. link
- Koppel BS, Brust JCM, Fife T, et al. (2014). Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders (American Academy of Neurology). Neurology 82(17):1556-1563. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000363
- Loprinzi CL, et al. (ASCO) (2020). Prevention and Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Survivors of Adult Cancers: ASCO Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Oncology. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01399
- Lupus Foundation of America (2024). Cannabis (Marijuana) and Lupus. lupus.org. link
- Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, et al. (2017). EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209724
- Medical Cannabis Clinicians Society (MCCS) (2024). Good Practice Guide May 2024: The Medical Cannabis Clinicians Society. Medical Cannabis Clinicians Society (cb1medical.com). link
- Multidisciplinaire richtlijncommissie (2024). Preventie van valincidenten bij ouderen — Beoordeling valrisicoverhogende medicatie. Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2018). NHG-Standpunt Cannabis. Huisarts en Wetenschap / NHG. link
- Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2023). Handreiking Proefbehandeling cannabis in de palliatieve fase voor huisartsen. nhg.org. link
- Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2018). NHG-Standpunt Cannabis. Huisarts & Wetenschap (henw.org). link
- Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2021). NHG-Standaard Hoofdpijn. NHG-Richtlijnen. link
- Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) (2026). NHG-Standaard Dysmenorroe. NHG-Richtlijnen. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging van Revalidatieartsen e.a. (2012). Richtlijn Amputatie en Prothesiologie Onderste Extremiteit — Behandeling fantoompijn na amputatie. Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Neurologie (Richtlijnendatabase) (2023). Cannabidiol — Richtlijn Epilepsie. Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie (NVvP) / CBR (2022). Richtlijn Onderzoek naar drugsmisbruik in het kader van rijgeschiktheidskeuringen (van kracht per 1 april 2022). Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Reumatologie (NVR) / Federatie Medisch Specialisten (2022). Diagnostiek en behandeling van jicht in de 2e lijn. Richtlijnendatabase.nl. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Urologie (NVU) (2017). NVU Standpunt Blaaspijnsyndroom – diagnostiek en behandeling in Nederland (addendum EAU richtlijn chronische bekkenpijn). NVU / portal.nvu.nl. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2015). Aanwijzing Opiumwet (2015A003). om.nl. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2025). Richtlijn voor strafvordering Opiumwet, lijst I en lijst IA (2025R005). Openbaar Ministerie - Beleidsregels. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2023). Richtlijn voor strafvordering Opiumwet, softdrugs (2023R003). Openbaar Ministerie - Beleidsregels. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2021). Richtlijn en kader voor strafvordering jeugd en adolescenten, inclusief strafmaten Halt (2021R001). Openbaar Ministerie – Richtlijnen voor strafvordering. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2023). Richtlijn voor strafvordering Opiumwet, softdrugs (2023R003). Openbaar Ministerie – Richtlijnen voor strafvordering. link
- Page RL 2nd, Allen LA, Kloner RA, et al. (2020). Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000883
- Ramar K, Rosen IM, Kirsch DB, Chervin RD, Carden KA, Aurora RN, et al.; American Academy of Sleep Medicine Board of Directors (2018). Medical Cannabis and the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7070
- Robert M, Graves LE, Allen VM, Dama S, Gabrys RL, Tanguay RL, Turner SD, Green CR, Cook JL (2022). Guideline No. 425a: Cannabis Use Throughout Women's Lifespans – Part 1: Fertility, Contraception, Menopause, and Pelvic Pain. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2022.01.012
- Rubio-Tapia A, McCallum R, Camilleri M (2024). AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diagnosis and Management of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Commentary. Gastroenterology. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2024.01.040
- Shah S, Schwenk ES, Narouze S. (2023). ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids: an infographic. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 48(3):119. doi:10.1136/rapm-2022-104193
- Shah S, Schwenk ES, Sondekoppam RV, et al. (2023). ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 48(3):97-117. doi:10.1136/rapm-2022-104013
- Siegel DA, Jatlaoui TC, Koumans EH, et al. (2019). Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Suspected EVALI - United States, October 2019. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2019;68:919-927. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6841e3
- Stichting ADHD Netwerk (2023). Medicinale cannabis voor ADHD?. ADHD Netwerk kennisbank. link
- Stichting Werkgroep Antibiotica Beleid (SWAB) (2023). Advies diagnostiek en profylaxe ter voorkoming van invasieve aspergillose bij volwassen patiënten. SWAB / swab.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). ICan:minder blowen — interventie voor stoppen en minderen met cannabis. Trimbos-instituut (trimbos.nl). link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). Alcohol-, drugs- en medicijnbeleid (ADM-beleid). trimbos.nl. link
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense (Schnurr PP, et al.) (2023). The Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder: Synopsis of the 2023 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M23-2757
- Verbond van Verzekeraars (2023). Protocol Verzekeringskeuringen. verzekeraars.nl. link
- Verduijn MM, Hooymans CDM (2018). NHG-Standpunt Cannabis. Huisarts en Wetenschap 61(6):55-57. doi:10.1007/s12445-018-0138-8
- Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (American Statistical Association) (2016). The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (2026). WADA's 2026 Prohibited List is now in force. wada-ama.org. link
- World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD): Critical Review Report. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, 40th Meeting, Geneva. link
Overheid & instanties (191)
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) (2025). Autorización de importación de estupefacientes y psicotrópicos para uso personal en viajes. aemps.gob.es. link
- Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (2025). Checking for use of alcohol, drugs or medicines (in the employment relationship). autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl. link
- Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (2025). Mijn privacy bij ziekte. autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl. link
- Bedrocan / Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2024). Aandoeningen — Waar wordt medicinale cannabis bij toegepast?. bedrocan.com / cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Belastingdienst (2026). Voorgeschreven medicijnen - aftrek zorgkosten. belastingdienst.nl. link
- Belgische Federale Overheidsdienst Volksgezondheid (2015). Koninklijk Besluit van 11 juni 2015 tot het reglementeren van producten die een of meer tetrahydrocannabinolen bevatten. Belgisch Staatsblad / etaamb.openjustice.be. link
- Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb (Moeders van Morgen) (z.j.). CBD (cannabidiol) tijdens de zwangerschap. Lareb.nl. link
- Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb & Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2020). Uw ervaring met medicinale cannabis (mijnmedcannabis.nl). lareb.nl. link
- Breuer & Intraval (in opdracht van WODC) (2024). Coffeeshops in Nederland 2024. open.overheid.nl / WODC. link
- Bundesamt fuer Gesundheit (BAG) (2024). Addiction and health: Cannabis. Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. link
- Bundesinstitut fur Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) (2024). Medizinisches Cannabis. BfArM, Bundesopiumstelle. link
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bundesopiumstelle (2024). Travelling with narcotic drugs (Article 75 Schengen certificate). bfarm.de. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2026). Actueel: prijswijzigingen, etiketten en beleidsregel opiumwetontheffingen; patienteninformatie producten. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2026). Cannabisolie. cannabisbureau.nl (Rijksoverheid). link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2026). Producten - medicinale cannabis (Bedrocan, Bedrobinol, Bediol, Bedica, Bedrolite). cannabisbureau.nl (Rijksoverheid). link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (BMC) (2026). Import en export. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (BMC) en Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb (2023). Resultaten onderzoek naar patientervaringen met medicinale cannabis. Rijksoverheid / cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (BMC), CIBG / Ministerie van VWS (actueel). Medicinale cannabis — informatie voor patiënten en zorgverleners. Rijksoverheid (cannabisbureau.nl). link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (BMC), Ministerie van VWS (2025). Medicinale cannabis mee op reis. cannabisbureau.nl - Patienteninformatie. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (CIBG, Ministerie van VWS) (z.j.). Patiënteninformatie: werkzaamheid van medicinale cannabis. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2024). Office of Medicinal Cannabis – medicinal cannabis indications. Rijksoverheid / cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2021). Medicinale cannabis, informatiebrochure voor patienten. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2021). Medicinale cannabis: informatie voor apothekers en medische beroepsbeoefenaren (versie november 2021). cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2018). Medicinale cannabis: informatiebrochure voor patienten. cannabisbureau.nl / Rijksoverheid. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2024). Grounds for use. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2026). Kwaliteit. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2024). Quality of medicinal cannabis. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2024). Vernevelaar - Patienteninformatie. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2026). Opiumwet. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2021). Medicinal Cannabis Information brochure for patients. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Ministerie van VWS) (2024). Specificaties en analysevoorschriften. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Office of Medicinal Cannabis) (2024). Types of medicinal cannabis. Rijksoverheid / Office of Medicinal Cannabis. link
- Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (Rijksoverheid) (2024). Medicinale cannabis - informatie voor patiënten en artsen. cannabisbureau.nl. link
- CAK (2026). Medicijnen mee op reis (medicijnverklaring). Het CAK. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2024). Schengenverklaring aanvragen — medicijnen mee op reis. hetcak.nl. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2025). Hoe kom ik aan een medicijnverklaring?. hetcak.nl - Medicijnen mee op reis. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2025). Hoe reis ik met medicijnen buiten Europa?. hetcak.nl - Medicijnen mee op reis. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2025). Hoe lang is een medicijnverklaring geldig?. hetcak.nl - Medicijnen mee op reis. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2026). Medicijnen mee op reis. hetcak.nl. link
- CAK (Centraal Administratie Kantoor) (2025). Hoe reis ik met medicijnen binnen Europa?. hetcak.nl - Medicijnen mee op reis. link
- Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) (2024). Travellers: Cannabis at the border. cbsa-asfc.gc.ca. link
- Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) (2021). Travellers: Penalties for cannabis-related offences. cbsa-asfc.gc.ca. link
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Increases in Availability of Cannabis Products Containing Delta-8 THC and Reported Cases of Adverse Events (HAN 00451). CDC Health Alert Network. link
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020). Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products. CDC (gearchiveerd). link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Rijden met medicinale drugs. cbr.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Rijden onder invloed van drugs: dit zijn de gevolgen. cbr.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Drugs in het verkeer – Rijbewijs kwijt door drugsgebruik. CBR.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2023). Cursus over drugs en verkeer (EMD) – Educatieve Maatregel Drugs. CBR.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Onderzoek naar uw drugsgebruik – Alles wat u wilt weten. CBR.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Rijden met medicinale drugs. CBR.nl. link
- Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen (CBR) (2024). Code 95 voor beroepschauffeurs. CBR.nl. link
- Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) (2025). Singapore's anti-drug laws on Cannabis. Central Narcotics Bureau, Government of Singapore. link
- Centrum voor Criminaliteitspreventie en Veiligheid (CCV) (2024). Coffeeshopbeleid in Nederland. hetccv.nl. link
- College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen (CBG-MEB) (2024). Cannabis. CBG-MEB.nl. link
- College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen (CBG-MEB) (2012). Sativex, spray voor oromucosaal gebruik (RVG 111277). Geneesmiddeleninformatiebank. link
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) (actueel). Changes to the Statutory Definition of Hemp and Issues for Congress (IF13136). Congressional Research Service, U.S. Congress. link
- Dopingautoriteit (2026). S8. Cannabinoïden. dopingautoriteit.nl. link
- Dopingautoriteit (2013). WADA verhoogt grenswaarde cannabis. dopingautoriteit.nl. link
- Douane (Belastingdienst) (2024). De Opiumwet - Handboek VGEM. kennisbank.douane.nl. link
- DRUGSinfo.nl (2024). Hasj en wiet: de wet. DRUGSinfo.nl. link
- Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2025). Tegengaan productie van en handel in nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen (wetsvoorstel 36.159) - toevoeging Lijst IA aan de Opiumwet. Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal. link
- Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2024). Toevoeging elfde gemeente (Amsterdam-Oost) aan het experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen (36.279). Eerste Kamer / Staten-Generaal. link
- Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2011). Plaatsing hasjiesj en hennep met THC van 15 procent of meer op lijst I van de Opiumwet (33.593). eerstekamer.nl. link
- EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) (2022). Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties. EFSA Journal. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7322
- EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) (2026). Update of the statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food / Provisional safe level for cannabidiol. EFSA Journal & EFSA news. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9862
- EMCDDA (2025). CBD (cannabidiol) - keyword overview. emcdda.europa.eu. link
- EMCDDA (2020). Low-THC cannabis products in Europe. Publications Office of the EU / EMCDDA. link
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2026). Provisional safe level for cannabidiol as a novel food. EFSA News. link
- European Medicines Agency (2019). Epidyolex (cannabidiol) - EPAR medicine overview. European Medicines Agency. link
- European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA, voorheen EMCDDA) (2024). Synthetic cannabinoids and 'Spice' drug profile. euda.europa.eu. link
- European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA, voorheen EMCDDA) (2020). Low-THC cannabis products in Europe. EUDA / Publications Office of the European Union. link
- European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA/EMCDDA) (2023). Cannabis laws in Europe: questions and answers for policymaking. euda.europa.eu. link
- Europese Commissie (2022). Verordening (EU) 2022/1393 tot vaststelling van maximumgehalten aan delta-9-THC in hennepzaden en daarvan afgeleide producten. Publicatieblad van de EU / EUR-Lex. link
- Europese Commissie (DG Landbouw en Plattelandsontwikkeling) (actueel). Hemp. European Commission — agriculture.ec.europa.eu. link
- FAGG – Federaal Agentschap voor Geneesmiddelen en Gezondheidsproducten (Belgie) (2015). Geneesmiddelen en andere producten op basis van cannabis of cannabidiol – FAQ. fagg-afmps.be. link
- FAGG – Federaal Agentschap voor Geneesmiddelen en Gezondheidsproducten (Belgie) (2015). Vragen over medicinale cannabis. fagg.be. link
- FAGG – Federaal Agentschap voor Geneesmiddelen en Gezondheidsproducten (Belgie) (2015). Informatie voor reizigers – verdovende middelen en psychotropen. fagg-afmps.be. link
- Farmatec (CIBG, ministerie van VWS) (2025). Opiumwet uitgebreid met lijst IA: NPS-wetswijziging per 1 juli 2025 van kracht. farmatec.nl. link
- Food and Drug Administration, Thailand (2024). Guideline of Importation for Personal Use — Bringing of Health Products. Thai FDA (en.fda.moph.go.th). link
- GOV.UK (2024). Take medicine in or out of the UK. GOV.UK. link
- Government of Canada (2018). Cannabis Act (SC 2018, c. 16). laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. link
- Government of Canada (2024). Drugs, alcohol and travel. travel.gc.ca. link
- Health Canada (2024). Section 56 Class Exemption For Travellers Who Are Importing or Exporting Prescription Drug Products Containing a Narcotic or a Controlled Drug. canada.ca. link
- Home Office (2024). Travelling with medicine containing controlled drugs. GOV.UK. link
- Inspectie Justitie en Veiligheid (2025). Fasering wietexperiment. inspectie-jenv.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2026). Wat zijn de risico's van CBD-olie of cannabisolie?. jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2024). Wat zijn de risico's van spacecake?. jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2024). Cannabis en pijnmedicatie — drugs en medicijnen combineren. Jellinek.nl. link
- Johns Hopkins Medicine (2024). Clinical Trial Shows Synthetic Cannabis Reduces Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease. Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom. link
- Justitiële Informatiedienst (2024). Strafblad en minderjarigen. JustID.nl. link
- Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, et al. (2020). Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury - United States, August 2019-January 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2020;69:90-94. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6903e2
- Ministère chargé de la Santé (Franse overheid) (2025). Therapeutic cannabis (Cannabis thérapeutique). service-public.gouv.fr. link
- Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Nederland (2026). Reisadvies Thailand. NederlandWereldwijd. link
- Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid (2017). Besluit alcohol, drugs en geneesmiddelen in het verkeer (artikel 3, grenswaarden). wetten.overheid.nl (BWBR0038936). link
- Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid (2025). Experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen (wietexperiment). rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid (2024). Besluit aanwijzing Halt-feiten 2024. Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 2024-173. link
- Ministerie van VWS (2013). Besluit houdende wijziging van lijst I, behorende bij de Opiumwet. officielebekendmakingen.nl. link
- Ministerie van VWS (2021). Evaluatie Bureau voor medicinale cannabis. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Ministerie van VWS (2024). Opiumwet, Lijst I (hennepolie en tetrahydrocannabinol). wetten.overheid.nl (BWBR0001941). link
- Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum (NVIC) / KNMvD (2024). NVIC-cijfers: gemelde intoxicaties bij mens en dier (2023). KNMvD.nl. link
- Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum (UMC Utrecht) (2025). Drugs en illegale middelen - Jaarbeeld 2024. NVIC Jaarbeeld 2024, nvic.umcutrecht.nl. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids (Irritable Bowel Syndrome). National Academies Press / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board (2026). Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ) — Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute (cancer.gov). link
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2024). Is marijuana addictive?. National Institutes of Health (NIH). link
- Nationale Drug Monitor (Trimbos-instituut / WODC) (2024). Cannabis 3.7 Ziekte en sterfte — lichamelijke gezondheid (cannabinoïd hyperemesis syndroom). Nationale Drug Monitor. link
- Nationale Drug Monitor (Trimbos-instituut / WODC) (2026). Wetgeving, beleid en preventie 2.1 Drugs (Opiumwetmiddelen). nationaledrugmonitor.nl. link
- Nationale Drug Monitor (Trimbos-instituut & WODC) (actueel). Wetgeving, beleid en preventie — Medicinale cannabis. Nationale Drug Monitor (nationaledrugmonitor.nl). link
- Nationale Politie (2024). U hebt thuis vijf hennepplanten of minder. politie.nl. link
- Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit (NVWA) (2026). Verbod op medische claims (voedings- en gezondheidsclaims). nvwa.nl. link
- Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit (NVWA) (2024). Kwaliteitseisen voor cannabis in het Experiment Gesloten Coffeeshopketen. nvwa.nl. link
- NHS England (2025). Cannabis-based products for medicinal use (CBPMs). NHS England. link
- NOS (2019). Nederlandse mediwiet in trek: staat zoekt tweede producent. NOS Nieuws. link
- Office of Medicinal Cannabis (Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis) (2025). Import and Export. english.cannabisbureau.nl (Rijksoverheid). link
- Oomen P, Rigter S (Trimbos-instituut) (2023). THC-concentraties in wiet, nederwiet en hasj (THC-monitor 2022-2023). trimbos.nl. link
- Openbaar Ministerie (2024). Meer over medicijnen (verkeer, handhaving). om.nl. link
- Openbaar Ministerie / Overheid.nl (2026). Aanwijzing Opiumwet (BWBR0036356). wetten.overheid.nl. link
- Overheid.nl (2026). Burgerlijk Wetboek art. 7:930 — Gevolgen niet-nakoming mededelingsplicht bij verzekering. wetten.overheid.nl. link
- Pray IW, Atti SK, Tomasallo C, Meiman JG (2020). E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Among Clusters of Patients Reporting Shared Product Use - Wisconsin, 2019. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69(9):236-240, CDC. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Wat heb ik nodig als ik mijn medicijnen meeneem op reis? (verklaring voor medicijnen Opiumwet). rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen (wietexperiment). rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2024). Wat is het verschil tussen cannabis, wiet, hennep of hasjiesj?. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Klachten en geschillen over vergoeding (Zvw). zorginstituutnederland.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Krijg ik een boete voor medicijngebruik in het verkeer?. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Mag ik deelnemen aan het verkeer als ik medicijnen heb gebruikt?. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2026). Gedoogbeleid softdrugs en coffeeshops. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2026). Wet maakt verschil tussen harddrugs en softdrugs. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2025). Experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen (wietexperiment) - deelnemende gemeenten. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (2024). Straffen en maatregelen voor jongeren. Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (Ministerie van VWS en JenV) (2026). Deelnemende gemeenten wietexperiment. Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (Ministerie van VWS en JenV) (2026). Aanleiding en opzet experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen. Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid (Ministerie van VWS en JenV) (2026). Tijdlijn experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen. Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid / Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2025). Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (BMC). Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid, Ministerie van VWS (2024). Hoe krijg ik een second opinion in de zorg?. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid, Ministerie van VWS (2024). Rechten en plichten bij een medische behandeling. rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid, Ministerie van VWS (2024). Wet kwaliteit, klachten en geschillen zorg (Wkkgz). rijksoverheid.nl. link
- Rijksoverheid, Nederland (2025). Welk risico loop ik als ik drugs meeneem naar het buitenland?. Rijksoverheid.nl. link
- RIVM (2016). Cannabis contaminanten (Briefrapport 2015-0205). RIVM Briefrapport. link
- RIVM (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu) (2016). Cannabis contaminanten. rivm.nl. link
- Slijkhuis C, Hoving R, Blok-Tip L, de Kaste D (2004). Kwaliteitsnormen Medicinale Cannabis. RIVM Rapport 267011001/2004. link
- Staat der Nederlanden (2020). Besluit experiment gesloten coffeeshopketen (BWBR0043738). wetten.overheid.nl. link
- Staat der Nederlanden (1928). Opiumwet (geconsolideerde tekst, met Lijst I en Lijst II). wetten.overheid.nl. link
- Staat der Nederlanden (2017). Regeling alcohol, drugs en geneesmiddelen in het verkeer (BWBR0039687). wetten.overheid.nl. link
- Staat der Nederlanden (Ministerie van VWS) (2026). Besluit tot wijziging van lijst I en lijst II behorende bij de Opiumwet (plaatsing van o.a. HHC op lijst I). Staatsblad 2026, nr. 11. link
- Stichting School en Veiligheid (2024). Controle op verboden spullen op school. Schoolenveiligheid.nl. link
- SWOV - Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid (2023). Geneesmiddelen en drugs in het Nederlandse verkeer. swov.nl. link
- T.M.C. Asser Instituut / WODC (2014). Internationaal recht en cannabis. Tweedekamer.nl / WODC. link
- Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (2025). Medicinal cannabis: access pathways and usage data. Australian Government, TGA. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). Cannabis (hasj en wiet) - informatie. Drugsinfo.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2023). Factsheet Cannabispreventie. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2023). Problematisch cannabisgebruik: cijfers en preventie. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). Wat mensen niet weten als ze cannabis eten. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (z.j.). Cannabis en zwangerschap. Drugsinfo.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2025). Cannabis (informatiemiddel drugs): THC-gehalte, risico's en risicogroepen. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2025). Alcohol- en drugstesten op het werk en de wet. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2023). CBD-gehalte in cannabis niet zo belangrijk als gedacht. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2025). THC-monitor: hoe sterk zijn wiet en hasj?. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). Drugsgebruik onder volwassenen in Nederland in 2024: stijging stimulerende middelen. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2024). Factsheet Cannabispreventie. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Trimbos-instituut (Drugsinfo) (2026). Wat is THC?. drugsinfo.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (Expertisecentrum Alcohol) (2024). Risico's van combinatiegebruik. Trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (in opdracht van WODC, Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid) (2025). Onderzoek Experiment Gesloten Coffeeshopketen — rapportage nulmeting contaminantenanalyse. WODC / Rijksoverheid. link
- Trimbos-instituut / Nationale Drug Monitor (2025). Cannabis en mentale gezondheid; THC-gehalte nederwiet. nationaledrugmonitor.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut, Nationale Drug Monitor (2025). Cannabis - Over cannabis. nationaledrugmonitor.nl. link
- Tuchtcolleges voor de Gezondheidszorg (2024). Tuchtcolleges voor de Gezondheidszorg. tuchtcollege-gezondheidszorg.nl. link
- Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2022). Wijziging Opiumwet i.v.m. CBD - memorie van toelichting (Kamerstuk 36159, nr. 3). officielebekendmakingen.nl. link
- U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) (2026). Marijuana FAQ. usada.org. link
- U.S. Customs and Border Protection (2024). CBP Reminds Travelers from Canada that Marijuana Remains Illegal in the United States. cbp.gov. link
- U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Canada (2023). Cannabis and the U.S.-Canada Border. ca.usembassy.gov. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024). EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution - Full Prescribing Information. FDA Drug Label (accessdata.fda.gov). link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022). 5 Things to Know about Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol – Delta-8 THC. FDA Consumer Updates. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022). FDA Warns Consumers About the Accidental Ingestion by Children of Food Products Containing THC. FDA.gov. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). Warning Letters for Cannabis-Derived Products. fda.gov. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2019). Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2024). EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution — Prescribing Information (2024). FDA accessdata (NDA 210365s021). link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / Jazz Pharmaceuticals (2025). EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution - Prescribing Information. FDA Drugs@FDA label. link
- UN News (2020). UN commission reclassifies cannabis, yet still considered harmful. UN News. link
- Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde (Joris Robben, NVIC) (2019). Hond Jaymes werd vergiftigd door drugs: wat moet je dan doen?. Universiteit Utrecht / Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum. link
- UNODC (2020). CND Votes on Recommendations for Cannabis and Cannabis-Related Substances. UNODC Frontpage. link
- UNODC / Commission on Narcotic Drugs (2025). CND decision on international control of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and carisoprodol enters into force. UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Service - Announcements. link
- Van der Gouwe D, Ehrlich E, Van Laar MW (Trimbos-instituut) (2009). Het drugsbeleid in Nederland. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Venhuis BJ, van de Nobelen S (2015). Cannabis contaminanten. RIVM Rapport 2015-0205. link
- Verenigde Naties (1961). Enkelvoudig Verdrag inzake verdovende middelen, 1961, zoals gewijzigd door het Protocol tot wijziging van het Enkelvoudige Verdrag inzake verdovende middelen, 1961. wetten.overheid.nl. link
- World Health Organization (2025). UN Commission approves WHO recommendations to place psychoactive substances under international control. WHO News (13-03-2025). link
- Zoll (German Customs) (2024). Medicinal products and narcotics — Travel within the EU. zoll.de. link
- ZonMw (2020). Verkenning medicinale cannabis. ZonMw / Rijksoverheid. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2022). GVS-advies cannabidiol (Epidyolex®) als aanvullende behandeling bij 2 ernstige epileptische aandoeningen. zorginstituutnederland.nl. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2017). Herbeoordeling medicinale cannabis: geen verzekerde zorg. Zorginstituut Nederland. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2025). GVS-advies: vergoed cannabidiol (Epidyolex) voor de behandeling van de ziekte van Bourneville-Pringle (tubereuze sclerose complex). Zorginstituut Nederland. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2017). Medicinale cannabis niet in basispakket. Zorginstituut Nederland. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2022). Zorginstituut adviseert om medicijn cannabidiol te vergoeden voor kinderen met ernstige epilepsie. Zorginstituut Nederland (nieuws). link
Naslag & overig (197)
- Abu-Sawwa R, Stehling C (2023). Cannabidiol (Epidiolex). StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- Academie voor de Rechtspraktijk (AvdR) (2025). Inwerkingtreding generiek verbod op designerdrugs. avdr.nl/legalflix. link
- ALS Centrum Nederland (2023). Cannabis en ALS. ALS Centrum kennisbank. link
- ArentFox Schiff LLP (2023). Weed Watching – CBP Immigration Policy Enforcement Relating to Marijuana Use and Industry. afslaw.com. link
- Badowski ME, et al. (StatPearls) (2023). Dronabinol. StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- Barnett AG, van der Pols JC, Dobson AJ (2005). Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it. International Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh299
- Barrus DG, Capogrossi KL, Cates SC, et al. (2016). Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles. Methods Report (RTI Press). link
- Bedrocan (2024). Kwaliteitsnormen: GMP en GMCCP. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan (2024). Veelgestelde vragen over medicinale cannabis. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan BV (2024). Wie zijn er verantwoordelijk voor de levering van medicinale cannabis in Nederland?. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (z.j.). Bijwerkingen en risico's van medicinale cannabis. Bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Medicinal cannabis varieties and standardisation (THC/CBD-gehalten). bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Toediening van medicinale cannabis: wat zijn de opties?. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2026). Medicinale cannabis en de werking. bedrocan.com (zorgverlenersinformatie). link
- Bedrocan International (2023). How oromucosal administration of cannabinoids works. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Vapen versus verdampen: wat is het verschil en wat zijn de risico's. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2023). Bedrocan bij de Keuringsdienst van Waarde over CBD-olie. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Cannabisolie, wietolie of CBD-olie van de apotheek. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Het belang van standaardisatie van medicinale cannabis. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2025). Mediwiet of medicinale cannabis? Officiële medicinale wiet. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International (2024). Dosering van cannabis bij patienten. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International B.V. (2024). Wat is CBD?. bedrocan.com. link
- Bedrocan International BV (actueel). Cannabisolie, wietolie of CBD-olie van de apotheek. Bedrocan (officiële GMP-teler voor het Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis). link
- Brown JD, Winterstein AG (2020). Drug interactions with cannabinoids. CMAJ. doi:10.1503/cmaj.191097
- Business Insider Nederland (2023). Overlijdensrisicoverzekering en drugs: wel of geen uitkering?. businessinsider.nl. link
- Cancer Research UK (2022). Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer – the evidence so far. Cancer Research UK news. link
- Cannabis for Thailand Editorial (2026). What Changed? Thailand Cannabis Law Updates 2026. cannabisforthailand.com. link
- Cannabis Regulations (2026). Is Weed Legal in Japan? 2026 Cannabis Laws & Penalties. cannabisregulations.ai. link
- Cannabis Regulations (redactie) (2026). Is Weed Legal in Spain? 2026 Cannabis Laws & Social Clubs. cannabisregulations.ai. link
- CannabisIndustrie (redactie) (2024). Geen Amsterdam-Oost in wietproef, maar ook geen 'pauze' van PVV. CannabisIndustrie.nl. link
- Cannabisindustrie.nl (redactie) (2026). HHC sinds 28 januari 2026 op Lijst I Opiumwet. cannabisindustrie.nl. link
- CannaInsider (redactie) (2025). Is Marijuana Legal in Spain? What Tourists Should Know in 2025. cannainsider.com. link
- CBA Apotheek (2025). Specialist in medicinale cannabis. cba-apotheek.nl. link
- CBA Apotheek (2024). Autorijden met medicinale cannabis en de wet. cba-apotheek.nl. link
- CBC News (2022). B.C. man faces lifetime ban from entering U.S. after border agents find forgotten bottle of CBD oil in his car. cbc.ca. link
- Centraal Beheer (2024). Roken en uw overlijdensrisicoverzekering. centraalbeheer.nl. link
- Chambers and Partners (2025). Illegal Drugs in Dubai: How to Stay Safe and Legal in the UAE. Chambers and Partners. link
- Cleveland Clinic (2024). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS). Cleveland Clinic - Health Library. link
- Clinical Cannabis Care (2025). Bijsluiter Medicinale Cannabisolie (versie 4.0). cannabiszorg.nl. link
- Clinical Cannabis Care BV (Cannabiszorg) (2025). Medicinale cannabisolie. cannabiszorg.nl. link
- CMS Legal (2025). Cannabis law and legislation in the Czech Republic. CMS Expert Guide to a Legal Roadmap to Cannabis. link
- CNX Therapeutics / electronic Medicines Compendium (2024). Sativex Oromucosal Spray - Summary of Product Characteristics. electronic Medicines Compendium (emc). link
- Colucci P, Seng Yue C, Ducharme MP, Benvenga S (2013). A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. European Endocrinology. link
- Crocq MA (2020). History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/mcrocq
- De Hoop Leven (2024). Overlijdensrisicoverzekering bij verslavingen. dehoopleven.nl. link
- Dean L, Kane M. (2020). Dronabinol Therapy and CYP2C9 Genotype. Medical Genetics Summaries. NCBI Bookshelf (NIH/NCBI). link
- Dierenkliniek Overhage, Cuijk (2023). Marihuana intoxicatie bij de hond en kat. Dierenkliniek Overhage. link
- Dutch Natural Healing (2024). Hennepzaadolie vs CBD-olie: de verschillen. dutchnaturalhealing.com. link
- Eichhorn D, Schaper A, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Ondruschka B, Weber-Papen S, Bernhard M (2025). Cannabis-Associated Emergencies in the Emergency Department. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2025; 122: 467–471. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0074
- EpilepsieNL (2024). Cannabidiol, CBD-olie, medicinale cannabis. epilepsie.nl. link
- EpilepsieNL (2025). Epidyolex nu ook vergoed voor Tubereuze Sclerose. epilepsie.nl. link
- Erfocentrum / Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb (z.j.). Cannabis en kinderwens. Zwangerwijzer.nl. link
- Eyal AM, Berneman-Zeitouni D, Tal D, Schlesinger D, Davidson EM, Raz N (2023). Vapor Pressure, Vaping, and Corrections to Misconceptions Related to Medical Cannabis' Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients' Physical Properties and Compositions. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0173
- Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas (Zorginstituut Nederland) (actueel). Cannabis (medicinaal) — preparaattekst. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. link
- FBTO (2021). Vragen gezondheidsverklaring Overlijdensrisicoverzekering. fbto.nl. link
- Finlay DB, Sircombe KJ, Nimick M, Jones C, Glass M (2020). Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors. Frontiers in Pharmacology 11:359. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00359
- Freitas MET, Fox SH (2024). Advice to People with Parkinson's in My Clinic: Cannabis. Journal of Parkinson's Disease. doi:10.3233/JPD-230358
- Geneesmiddelenbulletin (Ge-Bu) (2019). Medicinale cannabis en cannabinoïden. Geneesmiddelenbulletin. link
- Geneesmiddelenbulletin (Ge-Bu) (2019). Medicinale cannabis. ge-bu.nl. link
- Gertsch J, Leonti M, Raduner S, et al. (2008). Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 105(26):9099-9104. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803601105
- Goyal H, Awad HH, Ghali JK (2017). Role of cannabis in cardiovascular disorders. Journal of Thoracic Disease. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.06.104
- GW Pharmaceuticals plc (2018). FDA Approval of EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution - the First Plant-derived Cannabinoid Prescription Medicine. GW Pharmaceuticals Investor Relations. link
- Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Sadek B, Jha NK, Kaabi JA, Ojha S (2021). A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of beta-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 140:111639. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111639
- Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al. (1990). Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). doi:10.1073/pnas.87.5.1932
- Hersentumorcentrum Nederland (2024). Cannabis onderzoek bij hersentumoren. hersentumorcentrum.nl. link
- Hill MN et al. (2015). Neurobiological Interactions Between Stress and the Endocannabinoid System. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.166
- Hillard CJ (2015). The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. International Review of Neurobiology. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001
- Hillard CJ (2017). Endocannabinoid Signaling and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Comprehensive Physiology. link
- Hirsch H (Harvard Health Publishing) (2022). Are women turning to cannabis for menopause symptom relief?. Harvard Health Blog. link
- Hof Leeuwarden (2011). Verzwijging drugsverleden bij aangaan verzekering; buitengerechtelijke kosten ass afgewezen. Arbeidsongeschiktheidsmagazine.nl / rechtspraak.nl. link
- Huestis MA (2007). Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790152
- Huis Advocaten (2021). Bijzondere bijstand voor medicinale cannabis. huisadvocaten.nl. link
- Huisartsgeneeskunde / Bohn Stafleu van Loghum (2023). Medicinale cannabis voorschrijven. huisarts.bsl.nl. link
- Ibrahim BM, Abdel-Rahman AA (2014). Cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in cardiovascular regulating nuclei in the brainstem: A review. Journal of Advanced Research. link
- IKNL / kanker.nl (2025). Hoe gebruik je cannabis bij kanker?. kanker.nl. link
- Informatiecentrum Cannabis (2025). Opiumwet: lijst I en lijst II. informatiecentrumcannabis.nl. link
- Instituut Medicinale Cannabis (2021). Ministerie verlaagt apotheekprijs medicinale cannabis. imc-nederland.nl. link
- Instituut Medicinale Cannabis (IMC Nederland) (2024). Gebruik van medicinale cannabis. imc-nederland.nl. link
- Instituut Medicinale Cannabis (IMC) (2024). Bijwerkingen & risico's van medicinale cannabis. imc-nederland.nl. link
- IPWatchdog (2020). Patenting Cannabis: Possibilities and Pitfalls. IPWatchdog.com. link
- Jellinek (2024). Leiden hasj en wiet tot blijvende hersenschade?. Jellinek.nl (vraag & antwoord). link
- Jellinek (2024). Welke invloed heeft cannabis op het verkeer?. jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (2024). Wat gebeurt er bij de combinatie alcohol en cannabis?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (2024). Cannabis - ADHD medicatie. Jellinek (verslavingszorg). link
- Jellinek (z.j.). Cannabis en borstvoeding. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (2024). Mag je als minderjarige op straat blowen?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (2024). Welke regels gelden er voor de coffeeshops?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (Arkin) (2024). Wat zijn de risico's van wiet?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (Arkin) (actueel). Is cannabis meer of minder schadelijk voor de longen dan tabak?. Jellinek (jellinek.nl). link
- Jellinek (Arkin) (2024). Kun je verslaafd raken aan cannabis?. jellinek.nl - vraag & antwoord. link
- Jellinek (Arkin) (2024). Cannabis - Diabetes. Jellinek.nl (drugs en medicijnen combinaties). link
- Jellinek (kennis- en behandelinstelling verslavingszorg) (z.j.). Hoe werkt de opname, het effect en de afbraak van cannabis?. Jellinek (Vraag en antwoord). link
- Jellinek (Stichting Arkin) (2024). Wat is CBD (Cannabidiol)?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2020). Wat is het cannabinoïd-hyperemesis-syndroom?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2023). Hoeveel mensen zijn verslaafd aan cannabis en hoeveel komen in behandeling?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (actueel). Waarom is gebruik van drugs op jonge leeftijd extra slecht?. Jellinek. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2024). Hoe ontstaan ontwenningsverschijnselen bij cannabis?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2024). Kan cannabis schizofrenie of een psychose veroorzaken?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jellinek (verslavingszorg) (2024). Wat is de geschiedenis van cannabis?. Jellinek.nl. link
- Jordan-Ríos A, et al. (StatPearls) (2023). Cannabis Use for Glaucoma and Associated Pain. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf (NBK572112). link
- Kanker.nl (IKNL / KWF / NFK) (2024). Cannabis, CBD en THC bij kanker. kanker.nl. link
- Kanker.nl (IKNL / KWF / NFK) (2026). Cannabis, CBD en THC bij kanker. kanker.nl. link
- Kanker.nl (IKNL en patiëntenorganisaties) (2026). Cannabis, CBD en THC bij kanker. kanker.nl. link
- Klachtenportaal Zorg (2024). Klachtenportaal Zorg. klachtenportaalzorg.nl. link
- KNMP (Apotheek.nl) (z.j.). Cannabis: bijwerkingen, autorijden en gebruik. apotheek.nl. link
- KNMP (Apotheek.nl) (2026). Dronabinol (Marinol): waarvoor, gebruik en beschikbaarheid. Apotheek.nl (KNMP). link
- KNMP (Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij ter bevordering der Pharmacie) (2026). Cannabis (marihuana, medicinaal): contra-indicaties, waarschuwingen en autorijden. Apotheek.nl. link
- KWF Kankerbestrijding (2024). Standpunt cannabis en wietolie. kwf.nl. link
- Lapoint J, Meyer S, Yu CK, et al. (2017). Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Public Health Implications and a Novel Model Treatment Guideline. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. link
- Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM (2015). Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.13250
- LaVigne JE, Hecksel R, Keresztes A, Streicher JM (2021). Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity. Scientific Reports 11:8232. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8
- Lu HC, Mackie K (2021). Review of the Endocannabinoid System. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016
- Malta G, Albano GD, Lavanco G, Brancato A, Cannizzaro C (2025). Acute cannabis intoxication among the paediatric population. Frontiers in Toxicology 2025;7:1558721. doi:10.3389/ftox.2025.1558721
- Marijuana Moment (2024). UN Body Reaffirms That Marijuana Legalization Violates International Treaties, While Addressing Germany Cannabis Reform. Marijuana Moment. link
- McGilveray IJ (2005). Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Research & Management. doi:10.1155/2005/242516
- Medical News Today (medisch beoordeeld) (2023). Rick Simpson oil for cancer: What is it, and does it work?. medicalnewstoday.com. link
- Medpets / NVWA-norm (2024). CBD olie bij huisdieren. Medpets.nl. link
- Meerkosten.nl (Ieder(in) / kennisplatform) (2026). Medicijnen op voorschrift - aftrek zorgkosten. meerkosten.nl. link
- Merck Veterinary Manual (Sharon Gwaltney-Brant) (2024). Toxicosis in Dogs and Cats From Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Merck Veterinary Manual. link
- Middelburg RA (2023). Medicinale cannabis. Geneesmiddelenbulletin (Ge-Bu). link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press, Washington DC. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (hoofdstuk Mental Health). National Academies Press / NCBI Bookshelf. link
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press. link
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (2023). Cannabidiol — LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf / NIH. link
- Nederlandse Vereniging voor Fytotherapie (2023). CBD-olie en de wet. fyto.nl. link
- NeurologyLive (verslag CANALS-trial) (2018). Nabiximols Shows Improved Symptomatic Spasticity Control in ALS. NeurologyLive. link
- NORML (2016). Pharma Company Admits Opposing Marijuana Legalization to Protect Its Corporate Profits. NORML Blog. link
- NOS Redactie (2012). Wietpas per direct afgeschaft. NOS.nl. link
- NutraIngredients (W. Chu) (2026). EU continues CBD scrutiny, rejecting 6 more novel food applications. NutraIngredients Europe. link
- Overstappen.nl (2026). Vergoeding medicinale cannabis 2026. overstappen.nl. link
- Parkinson.nl (Parkinson Vereniging) (2024). Medicinale cannabis. Parkinson.nl. link
- Patiëntenfederatie Nederland (2024). Vergoeding medicinale cannabis. patientenfederatie.nl (kennisbank). link
- Patientengroep Medicinale Cannabisgebruikers (PGMCG) (2026). Vergoeding zorgverzekering Medicinale Cannabis 2026. pgmcg.nl. link
- Patiëntenvereniging Gebruik Medicinale Cannabis en Gezondheid (PGMCG) (2025). Toelichting beschikbaar (Rijksoverheid) omtrent medicinale cannabis in het verkeer. PGMCG.nl. link
- Pertwee RG (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442
- Pertwee RG (red.); Hanus LO e.a. (2022). Tribute to Professor Raphael Mechoulam, The Founder of Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Research. Molecules / PMC. doi:10.3390/molecules27010323
- Picavet, M. (2020). Nee, er komt geen 'staatswiet' of max 15% THC in de wietproef. CannabisIndustrie.nl. link
- Prohibition Partners (2025). Netherlands Medical Cannabis Market Overview 2025. Prohibition Partners. link
- Project CBD (Adrian Devitt-Lee / interview ElSohly, Hergenrather) (2020). Do Cannabis Suppositories Work?. Project CBD. link
- Quest Diagnostics (2024). Specimen Validity Testing. Quest Diagnostics (employer drug screening). link
- Radparvar S (2024). Clinical Evaluation of the Cannabis-Using Patient: A Moving Target. The Permanente Journal. doi:10.7812/TPP/24.088
- Rechtbank 's-Gravenhage (2012). Verzwijging drugsgebruik (cannabis, cocaïne) tijdens studietijd aangemerkt als opzet tot misleiding; volgt afwijzing AOV-claim. Arbeidsongeschiktheidsmagazine.nl / rechtspraak.nl. link
- Rechtbank Zeeland-West-Brabant (RBOBR) (2025). Onterechte beëindiging AOV vanwege drugsgebruik in het verleden; onterechte weigering uitkering. LSA Letselschade Magazine / rechtspraak.nl. link
- Redactie NTVG (2002). Fantoompijn en andere fantoomverschijnselen na amputatie. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. link
- Releaf UK (redactie) (2025). Travel Tuesday: Taking medical cannabis to Spain. releaf.co.uk. link
- Riney Canine Health Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (2023). Cannabis (THC) intoxication in dogs. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. link
- Russo EB (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
- Russo EB (2016). Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0009
- Sanchez AM, Vigano P, Mugione A, Panina-Bordignon P, Candiani M (2016). The Clinical Significance of Endocannabinoids in Endometriosis Pain Management. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0035
- Scholten WK (2006). Het werkingsmechanisme van cannabis en cannabinoïden. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006;150:128-31). link
- Service Apotheek (2025). Medicijnen meenemen naar het buitenland. serviceapotheek.nl. link
- Sexton M, Schuster N (2024). Cannabinoids and Psychedelics for Headache Management. Practical Neurology. link
- Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MMS (2012). Chemistry, Metabolism, and Toxicology of Cannabis: Clinical Implications. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. link
- Sharpe L, Sinclair J, Kramer A, de Manincor M, Sarris J (2020). Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. Journal of Translational Medicine. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2
- Skolnick P, Crystal R (2019). Cannabinoid1 (CB-1) receptor antagonists: a molecular approach to treating acute cannabinoid overdose. Journal of Neural Transmission. doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02132-7
- Smith PF, Zheng Y (2019). Cannabinoid drugs: will they relieve or exacerbate tinnitus?. Current Opinion in Neurology. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000633
- Society of Cannabis Clinicians (2025). Aspergillus in Cannabis: Evaluating the Evidence and Crafting Sensible Policies. cannabisclinicians.org. link
- Sousa VC, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM (2013). Caffeine and Adenosine Receptor Modulation of Cannabinoid Influence Upon Cognitive Function. Journal of Caffeine Research. doi:10.1089/jcr.2013.0010
- Stichting Klachten en Geschillen Zorgverzekeringen (SKGZ) (2025). Vraag en antwoord - klacht indienen. skgz.nl. link
- Terms.Law Editorial (2026). Thailand Cannabis Laws 2026: What's Actually Legal Now. Terms.Law. link
- The Cannigma (2026). Cannabis Laws in China: Penalties, CBD & Border Testing. The Cannigma. link
- The Public Domain Review (2019). W. B. O'Shaughnessy and the Introduction of Cannabis to Modern Western Medicine. The Public Domain Review. link
- The Sports Integrity Initiative (2021). Athletes serving bans for a 'substance of abuse' can apply for a reduction. sportsintegrityinitiative.com. link
- Thomas A, Stevenson LA, Wease KN, Price MR, Baillie G, Ross RA, Pertwee RG (2005). Evidence that the plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin is a cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706414
- Transnational Institute (2020). Rescheduling cannabis at the UN level. Transnational Institute. link
- Transnational Institute (2023). The UN Drug Control Conventions. Transnational Institute. link
- Transport Online (2025). Chauffeur volgens rechter onterecht op staande voet ontslagen na positieve speekseltest op cannabis. transport-online.nl. link
- Transvaal Bereidingsapotheek (2025). Medicinale cannabisolie: recept, kosten en levering. transvaalapotheek.nl. link
- Transvaal Bereidingsapotheek (2024). Bijsluiter medicinale cannabisolie. transvaalapotheek.nl. link
- Transvaal Bereidingsapotheek (2026). Wat kost medicinale cannabis?. transvaalapotheek.nl. link
- Transvaal Bereidingsapotheek (2024). Informatie voor arts en apotheker - medicinale cannabis. transvaalapotheek.nl. link
- Transvaal Bereidingsapotheek (2024). Veelgestelde vragen Cannabisolie (voor professionals). transvaalapotheek.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (2023). Nieuw wetsvoorstel voor nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen: een effectief verbod?. trimbos.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (Drugs Infolijn) (actueel). De gevolgen van blowen op jonge leeftijd. Drugsinfo.nl (Trimbos-instituut). link
- Trimbos-instituut (Drugsinfo.nl) (2026). Wat is HHC? Werking, risico's en juridische status. Drugsinfo.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut (DrugsInfo.nl) (2024). Hasj/wiet & Diabetes Medicatie. DrugsInfo.nl. link
- Trimbos-instituut / WODC (Nationale Drug Monitor) (2025). NPS-wetgeving (paragraaf 2.1.2). Nationale Drug Monitor. link
- Turner AR, Spurling BC, Agrawal S (2023). Marijuana Toxicity. StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. link
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / NeurologyLive (2018). FDA Approves Cannabidiol (Epidiolex) for Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet Syndromes. NeurologyLive. link
- VMT (vakblad voedingsmiddelenindustrie) (2020). CBD als levensmiddel: geen drug, of soms toch wel? De interactie tussen levensmiddelen- en opiumwetgeving. vmt.nl. link
- Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, van Antwerp J, Parcher JF, ElSohly MA, Khan IA (2016). Decarboxylation Study of Acidic Cannabinoids: A Novel Approach Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0020
- Weston-Green K, Clunas H, Jimenez Naranjo C (2021). A Review of the Potential Use of Pinene and Linalool as Terpene-Based Medicines for Brain Health: Discovering Novel Therapeutics in the Flavours and Fragrances of Cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12:583211. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211
- Wikipedia contributors (2024). Nabiximols (Sativex). Wikipedia. link
- Wikipedia contributors (2026). Cannabis in Turkey. Wikipedia. link
- Wikipedia contributors (2026). Cannabis in the United Arab Emirates. Wikipedia. link
- Wikipedia contributors (2026). Cannabis drug testing. Wikipedia. link
- Wikipedia contributors (2026). Legality of cannabis. Wikipedia. link
- Wikipedia contributors (2024). Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Wikipedia. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2024). Serotonineheropnameremmers, selectief (SSRI's) — groepstekst. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (2025). Opioïden (groepstekst). Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. link
- Zorginstituut Nederland (Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas) (2026). Cannabidiol - preparaattekst en interacties. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. link
- Zwiebel H, Greenky D, Goldman RD (2025). Accidental cannabis ingestion in young children. Canadian Family Physician 2025;71(3):161-163. doi:10.46747/cfp.7103161
Observationeel onderzoek (237)
- Abdel-Kader MS, Radwan MM, Metwaly AM, Eissa IH, Hazekamp A, ElSohly MA (2023). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Cannflavins of the Cannabis Plant. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2023.0128
- Afshar M, Knapp CM, Nathoo I, et al. (2021). Association between secondhand marijuana smoke and respiratory infections in children. Pediatric Research. doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01641-0
- Amissah RQ, Vogt NA, Chen C, Urban K, Khokhar J (2022). Prevalence and characteristics of cannabis-induced toxicoses in pets: Results from a survey of veterinarians in North America. PLoS ONE 17(4):e0261909. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261909
- Anderson LL, Doohan PT, Oldfield L, Kevin RC, Arnold JC, Berger M, Amminger GP, McGregor IS (2021). Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001427
- Andreis K, et al. (2022). Cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate salivation. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17987-2
- Anil SM, Peeri H, Koltai H (2022). Medical Cannabis Activity Against Inflammation: Active Compounds and Modes of Action. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.908198
- Armour M, Sinclair J, Bouchard G, Noll B, Smith CA (2022). 'Should I Inhale?' — Perceptions, Barriers, and Drivers for Medicinal Cannabis Use amongst Australian Women with Primary Dysmenorrhoea: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11(3):818. doi:10.3390/jcm11030818
- Arnold JC et al. (2023). The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: An evaluation of the evidence. Clinical and Translational Science. doi:10.1111/cts.13425
- Arnold JC, et al. (2025). Distinct Interactions of Cannabinol and Its Cytochrome P450-Generated Metabolites with Receptors and Sensory Neurons. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00938
- Auteurs niet vermeld in zoekresultaat (2024). Pharmacokinetics and Side Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol in Patients with Different Stages of CKD. Kidney International Reports. link
- Bancks MP, Pletcher MJ, Kertesz SG, Sidney S, Rana JS, Schreiner PJ (2015). Marijuana use and risk of prediabetes and diabetes by middle adulthood: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Diabetologia. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3740-3
- Barré T, Cazorla G, Di Beo V, Lopez F, Radoszycki L, Maradan G, Baunez C, Carrieri P (2025). Patterns of Use and Patient-Reported Effects of Cannabinoids in People With PD: A Nationwide Survey. Parkinson's Disease. doi:10.1155/padi/2979089
- Barrett ML, Scutt AM, Evans FJ (1986). Cannflavin A and B, prenylated flavones from Cannabis sativa L.. Experientia. doi:10.1007/BF02118655
- Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, et al. (2023). THC-Reduced Cannabis sativa L.-How Does the Solvent Determine the Bioavailability of Cannabinoids Given Orally?. Nutrients 15(12):2646. doi:10.3390/nu15122646
- Bautista JL, Yu S, Tian L (2021). Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology. ACS Omega. doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c00318
- Beers JL, Fu D, Jackson KD. (2021). Cytochrome P450–Catalyzed Metabolism of Cannabidiol to the Active Metabolite 7-Hydroxy-Cannabidiol. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. link
- Bell, C.; Slim, J.; Flaten, H.K.; Lindberg, G.; Arek, W.; Monte, A.A. (2015). Butane Hash Oil Burns Associated with Marijuana Liberalization in Colorado. Journal of Medical Toxicology. doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0501-0
- Benedict K, et al. (2020). Cannabis Use and Fungal Infections in a Commercially Insured Population, United States, 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. doi:10.3201/eid2606.191570
- Berger G, Arora N, Burkovskiy I, Xia Y, Chinnadurai A, Westhofen R, Hagn G, Cox A, Kelly M, Zhou J, Lehmann C (2019). Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Activation by Phyto-Derived and Synthetic Cannabinoid Ligands in LPS-Induced Interstitial Cystitis in Mice. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules24234239
- Beuning C, et al. (2024). Hypothesized pharmacogenomic and medication influences on tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol metabolism in a cohort of unselected oral cannabis users. PMC (NIH/NCBI). link
- Bhattacharyya S, Egerton A, Kim E, Rosso L, Riano Barros D, Hammers A, Brammer M, Turkheimer FE, Howes OD, McGuire P (2017). Acute induction of anxiety in humans by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol related to amygdalar cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14203-4
- Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb & Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (2023). Resultaten onderzoek naar patiëntervaringen met medicinale cannabis (cohortstudie 2021-2023). Lareb.nl. link
- Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb & Bureau voor Medicinale Cannabis (z.j.). Onderzoek: Ervaring met medicinale cannabis (cohortstudie). lareb.nl. link
- Blount BC, Karwowski MP, Shields PG, et al. (2020). Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1916433
- Boehnke KF, Scott JR, Martel MO, et al. (2024). Substituting Medical Cannabis for Medications Among Patients with Rheumatic Conditions in the United States and Canada. ACR Open Rheumatology. doi:10.1002/acr2.11717
- Bolognini D, Rock EM, Cluny NL, Cascio MG, Limebeer CL, Duncan M, Stott CG, Javid FA, Parker LA, Pertwee RG (2013). Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.12043
- Bonn-Miller MO, Loflin MJE, Thomas BF, Marcu JP, Hyke T, Vandrey R (2017). Labeling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11909
- Bottorff JL, Bissell LJL, Balneaves LG, et al. (2013). Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: a qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduction Journal. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-10-2
- Bowen LL, et al. (2023). Cannabis use for menopause in women aged 35 and over: a cross-sectional survey on usage patterns and perceptions in Alberta, Canada. Menopause (PMC). link
- Braune T, Liu B, et al. (2021). Secondhand marijuana exposure in a convenience sample of young children in New York City. Pediatric Research. doi:10.1038/s41390-020-0958-7
- Brenneisen R, Egli A, ElSohly MA, Henn V, Spiess Y (1996). The effect of orally and rectally administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. link
- Breuer & Intraval / WODC (2025). Coffeeshops in Nederland 2024. WODC / Rijksoverheid. link
- Brown GW, Bellnier TJ, Janda M, Miskowitz K (2021). Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol dose increase leads to warfarin drug interaction and elevated INR. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 61(1):e57-e60. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2020.07.028
- Bui QM, Simpson S, Nordstrom K (2015). Psychiatric and Medical Management of Marijuana Intoxication in the Emergency Department. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. link
- Busse FP, Fiedler GM, Leichtle A, Hentschel H, Stumvoll M (2008). Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana in Leipzig. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0757
- Cafaro A, Pigliasco F, Barco S, Negro I, Piccotti E, Manfredini L, Mahameed S, Bandettini R, Debbia C, Mattioli F, Cangemi G (2025). Accidental cannabis intoxication in two young children: clinical presentation and toxicokinetics — a case series. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2025;16:1695194. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1695194
- Cannabisindustrie.nl (2025). Bedrocan reageert op einde monopolie levering aan BMC; wijziging Opiumwet in 2027 van kracht. cannabisindustrie.nl. link
- Cardenas-Rodriguez N, Ignacio-Mejia I, Correa-Basurto J, Carrasco-Vargas H, Vargas-Hernandez MA, Albores-Mendez EM, Mayen-Quinto RD, De La Paz-Valente R, Bandala C (2024). Possible Role of Cannabis in the Management of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Post-COVID Condition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms25073805
- Cascio MG, Gauson LA, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Pertwee RG (2010). Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x
- Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Cahn E, et al. (2019). Marijuana Promotion Online: An Investigation of Dispensary Practices. Prevention Science 20(2):280-290. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0889-2
- Chihuri S, Li G, Chen Q (2017). Interaction of marijuana and alcohol on fatal motor vehicle crash risk: a case-control study. Injury Epidemiology. doi:10.1186/s40621-017-0105-z
- Choi YS, Cho HY, Cho HJ, Jeong SH, Kim KH, Jeong TC, Shin HS (2006). Antiestrogenic effects of marijuana smoke condensate and cannabinoid compounds. Archives of Pharmacal Research. doi:10.1007/BF02977903
- Clonan E, Shah P, Cloidt M, Laniado N (2025). Frequent recreational cannabis use and its association with caries and severe tooth loss: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2018. Journal of the American Dental Association. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2024.10.005
- Cohen G, Jakus J, Rabinovitz H, Shalev-Antsel S, Almog S, Silber AM, et al. (2023). Development of an Effective Acne Treatment Based on CBD and Herbal Extracts: Preliminary In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and Clinical Evaluation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2023/4474255
- Crippa JAS, Derenusson GN, Ferrari TB, et al. (2011). Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1177/0269881110379283
- Cuttler C, Spradlin A, Cleveland MJ, Craft RM (2020). Short- and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Headache and Migraine. The Journal of Pain. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.001
- Cuttler C, Spradlin A, Nusbaum AT et al. (2018). A naturalistic examination of the perceived effects of cannabis on negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders. link
- D'Souza DC, Cortes-Briones JA, Ranganathan M, Thurnauer H, Creatura G, Surti T, Planeta B, Neumeister A, et al. (2016). Rapid Changes in Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Availability in Cannabis-Dependent Male Subjects After Abstinence From Cannabis. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.008
- Dahlgren MK, El-Abboud C, Lambros AM, Sagar KA, Smith RT, Gruber SA (2022). A survey of medical cannabis use during perimenopause and postmenopause. Menopause. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000002018
- Darweesh RS, Khamis TN, El-Elimat T (2020). The effect of cannabidiol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 393(10):1871-1886. doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01878-2
- de Hoop B, Heerdink ER, Hazekamp A (2018). Medicinal Cannabis on Prescription in The Netherlands: Statistics for 2003-2016. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0059
- de Meijer EPM, Bagatta M, Carboni A, et al. (2003). The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L.. Genetics. doi:10.1093/genetics/163.1.335
- De Morais ER, et al. (2023). Open-label: the clinical effects of adding cannabidiol to usual care of patients with residual symptoms in the diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. European Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.524
- Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al. (EU-GEI) (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3
- Doohan PT, Oldfield LD, Arnold JC, et al. (2023). Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids. doi:10.1159/000529229
- Duval C, et al. (2025). Cannabis impacts female fertility as evidenced by an in vitro investigation and a case-control study. Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63011-2
- Dyal JW, et al. (2023). Current State of Knowledge on Medical Cannabis Use and Risk for Infections: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciag343
- Eadie L et al. (2024). Clinical guidance for cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: A narrative review. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. doi:10.1111/jgh.16730
- Eapen V, et al. (2025). Medicinal cannabis for tics in adolescents with Tourette syndrome (open-label feasibility study). BJPsych Open. doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.35
- ElSohly MA, Stanford DF, Harland EC, Hikal AH, Walker LA, Little TL Jr, Rider JN, Jones AB (1991). Rectal bioavailability of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol from the hemisuccinate ester in monkeys. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. link
- Engels FK, de Jong FA, Mathijssen RHJ, Erkens JA, Herings RMC, Verweij J (2007). Medicinal Cannabis Does Not Influence the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Irinotecan and Docetaxel. The Oncologist 12(3):291-300. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-3-291
- Erasmus MC Foundation (2023). Klinische studie naar effect van CBD op hersentumoren van start in Erasmus MC. Erasmus MC Foundation nieuwsbericht. link
- Evans L, Erridge S, Varadpande M, Aggarwal A, Cowley I, Clarke E, McLachlan K, Coomber R, Rucker JJ, Platt M, Sodergren MH (2025). UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A Clinical Outcomes Analysis for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Brain and Behavior. doi:10.1002/brb3.70823
- Ferretti ML, et al. (2024). Examination of the effects of cannabidiol on menstrual-related symptoms. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 32(6):745-755. doi:10.1037/pha0000709
- Fischedick JT, Hazekamp A, Erkelens T, Choi YH, Verpoorte R (2010). Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotypic and putative chemotaxonomic classification. Phytochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.08.002
- Foundation for Prader-Willi Research (2024). Cannabidivarin (CBDV) vs Placebo in Children with PWS. FPWR. link
- Fuhr LM, Marok FZ, Hanke N, Selzer D, Lehr T (2023). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Bergamottin and 6,7-Dihydroxybergamottin to Describe CYP3A4-Mediated Grapefruit-Drug Interactions. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.2968
- Fuss J, Steinle J, Bindila L, Auer MK, Kirchherr H, Lutz B, Gass P (2015). A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). doi:10.1073/pnas.1514996112
- GEINO-1601 investigators (2024). 454P Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/cannabidiol (CBD) oral solution in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Phase Ib GEINO-1601 trial. Annals of Oncology. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2024.08.524
- Ghorayeb I (2020). More evidence of cannabis efficacy in restless legs syndrome. Sleep and Breathing. doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01978-1
- Gidal BE, Vandrey R, Wallin C, e.a. (2024). Product labeling accuracy and contamination analysis of commercially available cannabidiol product samples. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1335441
- Gieringer D, St. Laurent J, Goodrich S (2004). Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. doi:10.1300/J175v04n01_02
- Giorgi V, Marotto D, Batticciotto A, Atzeni F, Bongiovanni S, Sarzi-Puttini P (2021). Cannabis and Autoimmunity: Possible Mechanisms of Action. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. doi:10.2147/ITT.S267905
- Gorelick DA, Levin KH, Copersino ML, et al. (zie ook Livne O et al. 2019) (2019). DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal syndrome: Demographic and clinical correlates in U.S. adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.005
- Grayson L, Vines B, Nichol K, Szaflarski JP (2017). An interaction between warfarin and cannabidiol, a case report. Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2017.10.001
- Groenten & Fruit Actueel (2024). Telers kunnen in 2027 ook apothekers met cannabis beleveren. gfactueel.nl. link
- Guimarães-Lopes VP, Gomes MS, Lopes NP, Taniwaki NN, da Silva Filho AA, Ambrosio SR, Veneziani RCS, Cascón V (2017). Metabolic Products of Linalool and Modulation of GABAA Receptors. Frontiers in Chemistry 5:46. doi:10.3389/fchem.2017.00046
- Gunasekaran N, Long LE, Dawson BL, et al. (2009). Reintoxication: the release of fat-stored Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into blood is enhanced by food deprivation or ACTH exposure. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00276.x
- Guzmán M, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, Ravina J, Rosa MC, Galve-Roperh I, Sánchez C, Velasco G, González-Feria L (2006). A pilot clinical study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. British Journal of Cancer. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603236
- Habib AM, Okorokov AL, Hill MN, et al. (2019). Microdeletion in a FAAH pseudogene identified in a patient with high anandamide concentrations and pain insensitivity. British Journal of Anaesthesia 123(2):e249-e253. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.019
- Hancox RJ, Shin HH, Gray AR, Poulton R, Sears MR (2015). Effects of quitting cannabis on respiratory symptoms. European Respiratory Journal. doi:10.1183/09031936.00228914
- Harada H, Kashiwadani H, Kanmura Y, Kuwaki T (2018). Linalool Odor-Induced Anxiolytic Effects in Mice. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12:241. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00241
- Haslemo T, Eikeseth PH, Tanum L, Molden E, Refsum H (2006). The effect of variable cigarette consumption on the interaction with clozapine and olanzapine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. link
- Hazekamp A (2016). Evaluating the Effects of Gamma-Irradiation for Decontamination of Medicinal Cannabis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00108
- Hazekamp A, Bastola K, Rashidi H, Bender J, Verpoorte R (2007). Cannabis tea revisited: a systematic evaluation of the cannabinoid composition of cannabis tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(1):85-90. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.019
- Hazekamp A, Epifanova S (2017). Grote variatie in samenstelling cannabisolie noopt tot regels. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad (2017;152:44). link
- Hazekamp A, Heerdink ER, et al. (2018). Medicinal Cannabis on Prescription in The Netherlands: Statistics for 2003-2016. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research / NCBI PMC. link
- Hazekamp A, Ruhaak R, Zuurman L, van Gerven J, Verpoorte R (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. doi:10.1002/jps.20574
- Hepler RS, Frank IR (1971). Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA 217(10):1392. link
- Herrmann ES, Cone EJ, Mitchell JM, et al. (2015). Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke II: Effect of room ventilation on the physiological, subjective, and behavioral/cognitive effects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.020
- Hindocha C, McClure B (2021). Unknown population-level harms of cannabis and tobacco co-use: if you don't measure it, you can't manage it. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.15290
- Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li CT, Terry GE, Zoghbi SS, Morse C, Pike VW, Volkow ND, Huestis MA, Innis RB (2012). Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.82
- Hoogendoorn K (WRR) (2026). 150 jaar Nederlands drugsbeleid: Een tegenstrijdig evenwicht. Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (wrr.nl). link
- Hsu A, Painter NA (2020). Probable Interaction Between Warfarin and Inhaled and Oral Administration of Cannabis. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 33(6):915-918. doi:10.1177/0897190019854958
- Hukkanen J, Jacob P, Benowitz NL (2011). Effect of nicotine on cytochrome P450 1A2 activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04023.x
- Hulaihel A, Gliksberg O, Feingold D, Brill S, Amit BH, Lev-Ran S, Sznitman SR (2023). Medical cannabis and stigma: A qualitative study with patients living with chronic pain. Journal of Clinical Nursing. doi:10.1111/jocn.16340
- Hunziker S, Morosoli F, Zuercher K, Tscherter A, Grunt S (2023). Prescription Practices of Cannabinoids in Children with Cerebral Palsy Worldwide—A Survey of the Swiss Cerebral Palsy Registry. Children. doi:10.3390/children10121838
- ICS 2020 (abstract #45) (2020). Patient perspectives on cannabinoids for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. International Continence Society Annual Meeting Abstracts. link
- Ito K, Ito M (2013). The sedative effect of inhaled terpinolene in mice and its structure–activity relationships. Journal of Natural Medicines. doi:10.1007/s11418-012-0732-1
- Izzo AA, Capasso R, Aviello G, Borrelli F, Romano B, Lembo F, Capasso F, Orlando P, Di Marzo V (2012). Inhibitory effect of cannabichromene, a major non-psychotropic cannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa, on inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01879.x
- Jackson NJ, Isen JD, Khoddam R, et al. (2016). Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). doi:10.1073/pnas.1516648113
- Jaidee W, Siridechakorn I, Nessopa S, et al. (2022). Kinetics of CBD, Delta9-THC Degradation and Cannabinol Formation in Cannabis Resin at Various Temperature and pH Conditions. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 7(4):537-547. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0004
- Jeffers AM, Glantz S, Byers AL, Keyhani S (2024). Association of Cannabis Use With Cardiovascular Outcomes Among US Adults. Journal of the American Heart Association. doi:10.1161/JAHA.123.030178
- Jergova S, et al. (2022). Evaluation of cannabis constituents in preventing or reversing phantom limb pain in rats (CCORC 2022 abstract). Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids (CCORC Proceedings). doi:10.1159/000551763
- Joyce KM, Thompson K, Good KP, Tibbo PG, O'Leary ME, Perrot TS, Hudson A, Stewart SH (2021). The impact of depressed mood and coping motives on cannabis use quantity across the menstrual cycle in those with and without pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder. Addiction 116(10):2746-2758. doi:10.1111/add.15465
- Kebede V, Arnold JC, et al. (2025). A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
- Kerbrat A, Ferre JC, Fillatre P, et al. (2016). Acute Neurologic Disorder from an Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. New England Journal of Medicine 375(18):1717-1725. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1604221
- Khan SS, Secades-Villa R, Okuda M, et al. (2013). Gender differences in cannabis use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.015
- King DD, Gill CJ, Cadieux CS, Singh N (2024). The role of stigma in cannabis use disclosure: an exploratory study. Harm Reduction Journal. doi:10.1186/s12954-024-00929-8
- Kitdumrongthum S, Trachootham D (2023). An Individuality of Response to Cannabinoids: Challenges in Safety and Efficacy of Cannabis Products. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules28062791
- Klauke AL, Racz I, Pradier B, Markert A, Zimmer AM, Gertsch J, Zimmer A (2014). The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. European Neuropsychopharmacology. link
- Klein P, Tolbert D, Gidal BE (2019). Drug-drug interactions and pharmacodynamics of concomitant clobazam and cannabidiol or stiripentol in refractory seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106459
- Kollins SH, Schoenfelder EN, English JS, Holdaway A, Van Voorhees E, Turic K, Dorval M (2015). An exploratory study of the combined effects of orally administered methylphenidate and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cardiovascular function, subjective effects, and performance in healthy adults. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. link
- Kopruszinski CM, Navratilova E, Vagnerova B, Swiokla J, Patwardhan A, Dodick D, Porreca F (2020). Cannabinoids induce latent sensitization in a preclinical model of medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia. doi:10.1177/0333102419865252
- Kosovic E, Sykora D, Kuchar M (2021). Stability Study of Cannabidiol in the Form of Solid Powder and Sunflower Oil Solution. Pharmaceutics 13(3):412. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13030412
- Lachenmeier DW, Habel S, Fischer B, et al. (2024). Are side effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?. F1000Research 8:1394 (versie 7). doi:10.12688/f1000research.19931.7
- Lanz C, Mattsson J, Soydaner U, Brenneisen R (2016). Medicinal Cannabis: In Vitro Validation of Vaporizers for the Smoke-Free Inhalation of Cannabis. PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147286
- Leino AD, et al. (2022). Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus. American Journal of Transplantation. link
- Lemberger L, Crabtree RE, Rowe HM (1972). 11-Hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Pharmacology, Disposition, and Metabolism of a Major Metabolite of Marihuana in Man. Science. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.62
- Leroux E, Taifas I, Valade D, Donnet A, Chagnon M, Ducros A (2013). Use of cannabis among 139 cluster headache sufferers. Cephalalgia. doi:10.1177/0333102412468669
- Lopes D et al. (2025). Cannabis extract in treatment of narcolepsy: A case report. Sleep Medicine. link
- Lopez-Quintero C, Perez de los Cobos J, Hasin DS, Okuda M, Wang S, Grant BF, Blanco C (2011). Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004
- Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PAF, Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG (2003). Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA 289(4):427-433. doi:10.1001/jama.289.4.427
- MacCallum CA, et al. (2024). Evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions with medical cannabis. Clinical Pharmacology (PMC). link
- Mack J, et al. (2024). A survey-based, quasi-experimental study assessing a high-cannabidiol suppository for menstrual-related pain and discomfort. npj Women's Health. doi:10.1038/s44294-024-00032-0
- Maghfour J, Rietcheck HR, Rundle CW, et al. (2020). An Observational Study of the Application of a Topical Cannabinoid Gel on Sensitive Dry Skin. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5464
- Maione S, Piscitelli F, Gatta L, Vita D, De Petrocellis L, Palazzo E, de Novellis V, Di Marzo V (2011). Non-psychoactive cannabinoids modulate the descending pathway of antinociception in anaesthetized rats through several mechanisms of action. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01063.x
- Mavedatnia D, Levin M, Lee JW, Hamour AF, Dizon K, Le T (2023). Cannabis use amongst tinnitus patients: consumption patterns and attitudes. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. doi:10.1186/s40463-022-00603-8
- McDougall JJ, McKenna MK (2022). Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of the Cannabis Terpene Myrcene in Rat Adjuvant Monoarthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(14):7891. doi:10.3390/ijms23147891
- Medisch Contact (redactie) (2023). Artsen schrijven minder vaak recept uit voor medicinale cannabis. medischcontact.nl. link
- Megelin T, Ghorayeb I (2017). Cannabis for restless legs syndrome: a report of six patients. Sleep Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.04.019
- Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109
- Messineo L, Taranto-Montemurro L, Calianese N, Gell LK, Azarbarzin A, Labarca G, et al. (2023). The combination of atomoxetine and dronabinol for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a dose-escalating, open-label trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. doi:10.5664/jcsm.10528
- Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE (2001). Triggering Myocardial Infarction by Marijuana. Circulation. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2805
- Miyazawa M, Yamafuji C (2005). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by bicyclic monoterpenoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. link
- Mlost J, Bryk M, Starowicz K (2020). Inhibitory Effect of Cannabidiol on the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Associated with Its Modulation of the P2X7 Receptor in Human Monocytes. Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00138
- Moir D, Rickert WS, Levasseur G, et al. (2008). A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology. doi:10.1021/tx700275p
- Monte AA, Shelton SK, Mills E, et al. (2019). Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M19-0542
- Monte AA, Shelton SK, Mills E, et al. (2019). Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study. Annals of Internal Medicine 170(8):531-537. doi:10.7326/M18-2809
- Morgan DJ, Davis BJ, Kearn CS, Marcus D, Cook AJ, Wager-Miller J, et al. (2014). Mutation of putative GRK phosphorylation sites in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) confers resistance to cannabinoid tolerance and hypersensitivity to cannabinoids in mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3445-12.2014
- Mosek A, Dano M, Fainmesser Y, Hybloom Z (2014). EHMTI-0136. Medical cannabis in the treatment of treatment-resistant, chronic cluster headache. A retrospective report. The Journal of Headache and Pain. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-S1-C46
- Murillo-Rodríguez E, Millán-Aldaco D, Palomero-Rivero M, Morales-Lara D, Mechoulam R, Drucker-Colín R (2019). Cannabidiol Partially Blocks the Excessive Sleepiness in Hypocretin-deficient Rats: Preliminary Data. CNS & Neurological Disorders – Drug Targets. doi:10.2174/1871527318666191029123existingformat
- Muzaffar A, et al. (2021). Clinical Investigation on the Impact of Cannabis Abuse on Thyroid Hormones and Associated Psychiatric Manifestations in the Male Population. Frontiers in Psychiatry. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730388
- Myran DT, Harrison LD, Pugliese M, et al. (2024). Development of an anxiety disorder following an emergency department visit due to cannabis use: a population-based cohort study. eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet). doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102440
- Nadal X, Del Río C, Casano S, et al. (2017). Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.14019
- Nadeem Z, Wu C, Burke S, Parker S (2023). Serotonin syndrome and cannabis: A case report. Australasian Psychiatry. doi:10.1177/10398562231219858
- Nakatomi Y, Mizuno K, Ishii A, Wada Y, Tanaka M, Tazawa S, Onoe K, Fukuda S, Kawabe J, Takahashi K, Kataoka Y, Shiomi S, Yamaguti K, Inaba M, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y (2014). Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. doi:10.2967/jnumed.113.131045
- Nasrin S, Watson CJW, Lazarus P, et al. (2024). Cannabinoid Metabolites as Inhibitors of Major Hepatic CYP450 Enzymes, with Implications for Cannabis-Drug Interactions. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. doi:10.1124/dmd.123.001435
- Ng JY, Gilotra K, Usman S, et al. (2022). The quality of health information provided on web sites selling cannabis to consumers in Canada is poor. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. link
- Nguyen PT, Schmid CL, Raehal KM, Selley DE, Bohn LM, Sim-Selley LJ (2012). Beta-arrestin2 regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor signaling and adaptation in a CNS region-dependent manner. Biological Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.012
- Nivel (Nederlands instituut voor onderzoek van de gezondheidszorg) (2021). Weinig patiënten krijgen medicinale cannabis in de huisartsenpraktijk. nivel.nl. link
- Ofek O, Karsak M, Leclerc N, Fogel M, Frenkel B, Wright K, Tam J, Attar-Namdar M, Kram V, Shohami E, Mechoulam R, Zimmer A, Bab I (2006). Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103(3):696-701. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504187103
- Oláh A, Tóth BI, Borbíró I, Sugawara K, Szöllősi AG, Czifra G, Pál B, Ambrus L, Kloepper J, Camera E, Ludovici M, Picardo M, Voets T, Zouboulis CC, Paus R, Bíró T (2014). Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 124(9):3713-3724. doi:10.1172/JCI64628
- Olivier L, Giménez A, Andreu Gracia H, Bueno L, De Juan Viladegut O, Fernández TM, Ochandiano I, Salmerón S, Bracco L, Tardón Senabre L, Pacchiarotti I (2024). The role of cannabis in bipolar disorder relapse: a prospective study of hospital acute readmissions. European Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.906
- Onaivi ES, et al. (2014). Brain CB2 Receptors: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. PMC (review). link
- Onderzoeksgroep King's College London (Translational Psychiatry) (2021). Cannabis, schizophrenia genetic risk, and psychotic experiences: a cross-sectional study of 109,308 participants from the UK Biobank. Translational Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01330-w
- Panlilio LV, Ferré S, Yasar S, Thorndike EB, Schindler CW, Goldberg SR (2012). Combined effects of THC and caffeine on working memory in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01554.x
- Penner EA, Buettner H, Mittleman MA (2013). The Impact of Marijuana Use on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance among US Adults. The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.03.002
- Perry NS et al. (2000). In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. link
- Pertwee RG, Rock EM, Guenther K, Limebeer CL, Stevenson LA, Haj C, Smoum R, Parker LA, Mechoulam R (2018). Cannabidiolic acid methyl ester, a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid, can produce 5-HT1A receptor-mediated suppression of nausea and anxiety in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.14073
- Peskar D, Kerec Kos M, Tavčar Š, Lakota K, Kojc N, Veranič P, Erman A (2026). CBD Promotes Structural and Functional Epithelial Restoration and Alleviates Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Interstitial Cystitis. Pharmaceutics. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18040458
- Phan NQ, Siepmann D, Gralow I, Ständer S (2010). Adjuvant topical therapy with a cannabinoid receptor agonist in facial postherpetic neuralgia. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 8(2):88–91. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07213.x
- Piao JJ, Kim S, Lee HJ, Zhu GQ, Jeon KH, Park SH, Guan RL, Tian WJ, Xin ZC, Kim SW, Bae WJ (2025). Intravesical Cannabidiol for Inflammation and Pain in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome via TLR4/NF-κB and TRPV1 Modulation. World Journal of Men's Health. doi:10.5534/wjmh.250152
- Pletcher MJ, Vittinghoff E, Kalhan R, et al. (2012). Association Between Marijuana Exposure and Pulmonary Function Over 20 Years (CARDIA Study). JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1961
- Poulsen LK, et al. (2025). Gout and NLRP3 Inflammasome Biology. Arthritis & Rheumatology. doi:10.1002/art.43215
- Rakotoarivelo V, Mayer TZ, Simard M, Flamand N, Di Marzo V (2024). The Impact of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: An Update. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules29143381
- Ray EJ, et al. (2022). Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol Product Impurities. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules27206924
- Rey AA, Purrio M, Viveros MP, Lutz B (2012). Biphasic effects of cannabinoids in anxiety responses: CB1 and GABA(B) receptors in the balance of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.123
- Reyes Orozco F, Lin M, et al. (2023). Association between Cannabis Use and Tinnitus in US Adults. Otology & Neurotology. doi:10.1097/MAO.0000000000003895
- Ridout KK, Young-Wolff KC, Ridout SJ (2021). A Change in Blood Carbamazepine Levels Associated With Cannabis Use: Implications for Clinical Practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 82(3):20cr13777. doi:10.4088/JCP.20cr13777
- Rivas da Silva AC et al. (2012). Biological activities of α-pinene and β-pinene enantiomers. Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules17066305
- Rock EM, Sullivan MT, Pravato S, Pratt M, Limebeer CL, Parker LA (2020). Evaluation of repeated or acute treatment with cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) or CBDA methyl ester (HU-580) on nausea and/or vomiting in rats and shrews. Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05559-z
- Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Gaber AO, Suki WN, Elghar H, Jeroudi M, Graviss EA, Gaber OA (2024). Cannabis use is associated with reduced access to kidney transplantation and an increased risk of acute rejection post-transplant. Clinical Transplantation. doi:10.1111/ctr.15264
- Rogeberg O (2013). Correlations between cannabis use and IQ change in the Dunedin cohort are consistent with confounding from socioeconomic status. PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215678110
- Rogerio AP, Andrade EL, Leite DF, et al. (2009). Preventive and therapeutic anti-inflammatory properties of the sesquiterpene alpha-humulene in experimental airways allergic inflammation. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00369.x
- Romano B, Borrelli F, Fasolino I, Capasso R, Piscitelli F, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG, Coppola D, Vassallo L, Orlando P, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA (2013). The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits nitric oxide production in macrophages and ameliorates murine colitis. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.12120
- RTV Maastricht (redactie) (2025). Handhaving op verkoop illegale hasj opnieuw uitgesteld. rtvmaastricht.nl. link
- Ruchlemer R, Amit-Kohn M, Raveh D, Hanuš L (2015). Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient. Supportive Care in Cancer. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2429-3
- Russo EB (2004). Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions?. Neuroendocrinology Letters. link
- Ryan JE, Herens A, Fruchtman M, Veliz P, Kelly EL, Worster B (2026). Cannabis Use in a Community-Based Sample of Adults Diagnosed With ADHD: Prevalence, Impact on Symptoms, and Stimulant Side Effects. Journal of Attention Disorders. link
- Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, et al. (2007). The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460
- Sachse-Seeboth C, Pfeil J, Sehrt D, et al. (2009). Interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol as related to genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C9. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. link
- Sarchielli P et al. (2007). Endocannabinoids in Chronic Migraine: CSF Findings Suggest a System Failure. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301246
- Schwilke EW, Gullberg RG, Darwin WD, et al. (2011). Differentiating new cannabis use from residual urinary cannabinoid excretion in chronic, daily cannabis users. Addiction. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03228.x
- Schwilke EW, Gullberg RG, Darwin WD, et al. (2011). Identifying new cannabis use with urine creatinine-normalized THCCOOH concentrations and time intervals between specimen collections. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. doi:10.1093/jat/35.8.500
- Schwilke EW, Schwope DM, Karschner EL, Lowe RH, Darwin WD, Kelly DL, Goodwin RS, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2009). Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-Hydroxy-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC Plasma Pharmacokinetics during and after Continuous High-Dose Oral THC. Clinical Chemistry. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.122119
- Shen X, Duan H, Wang S, Hong W, Wang YY, Lin SL (2019). Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Myometrium and its Correlation With Dysmenorrhea in Adenomyosis. Reproductive Sciences 26(9):1222–1230. doi:10.1177/1933719119833483
- Shi S, Brant AR, Sabolch A, Pollom E (2019). False News of a Cannabis Cancer Cure. Cureus 11(1):e3918. doi:10.7759/cureus.3918
- Sinclair J, Collett L, Abbott J, Pate DW, Sarris J, Armour M (2021). Effects of cannabis ingestion on endometriosis-associated pelvic pain and related symptoms. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258940
- Singh RK, Dillon B, Tatum DA, Van Poppel KC, Bonthius DJ (2020). Drug-Drug Interactions Between Cannabidiol and Lithium. Child Neurology Open. doi:10.1177/2329048X20947896
- Skumlien, M., Mokrysz, C., Freeman, T.P., Valton, V., Wall, M.B., Bloomfield, M., Lees, R., Borissova, A., Petrilli, K., Giugliano, M., Clisu, D., Langley, C., Sahakian, B.J., Curran, H.V., & Lawn, W. (2023). Anhedonia, Apathy, Pleasure, and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Adult and Adolescent Cannabis Users and Controls. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056
- Smith CJ, Vergara D, Keegan B, Jikomes N (2022). The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267498
- So GC, et al. (2025). Inhibition of Tacrolimus Metabolism by Cannabidiol and Its Metabolites In Vitro. Clinical and Translational Science. doi:10.1111/cts.70152
- Sophocleous A, Robertson R, Ferreira NB, McKenzie J, Fraser WD, Ralston SH (2017). Heavy Cannabis Use Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Fractures. The American Journal of Medicine 130(2):214-221. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.033
- Sousa VC, Assaife-Lopes N, Ribeiro JA, Pratt JA, Brett RR, Sebastião AM (2011). Regulation of Hippocampal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Actions by Adenosine A1 Receptors and Chronic Caffeine Administration: Implications for the Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Spatial Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.179
- Spindle TR, et al. / Johns Hopkins Medicine (2019). Some CBD Products May Yield Cannabis-Positive Urine Drug Tests. Johns Hopkins Medicine Newsroom. link
- Spindle TR, Sholler DJ, Cone EJ, et al. (2022). Cannabinoid Content and Label Accuracy of Hemp-Derived Topical Products Available Online and at National Retail Stores. JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23019
- Starkey B, Pearlson GD, Bond D, Glaser C, Bhargava A, Grosberg BM, Verhaak A (2024). Characterizing Cannabis Use and Perceived Benefit in a Tertiary Headache Center Patient Sample. Neurology Clinical Practice. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200285
- Stith SS, Li X, Brockelman F, Keeling K, Hall B, Vigil JM (2025). Cannabis tolerance reduces symptom relief. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1496232
- Stover J, Sabol VK, Eastman A, Simmons VC. (2023). Preoperative preparation and guidelines for cannabis-using patients undergoing elective surgery. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 38(4):560-563. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2022.10.002
- Stueber A, Cuttler C (2022). Self-Reported Effects of Cannabis on ADHD Symptoms, ADHD Medication Side Effects, and ADHD-Related Executive Dysfunction. Journal of Attention Disorders. link
- Suzuki S, Wakano C, Monteilh-Zoller MK, Cullen AJ, Fleig A, Penner R (2024). Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain. Function. doi:10.1093/function/zqad069
- Szejko N, Fremer C, Muller-Vahl KR (2020). Cannabis Improves Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Case Report and Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychiatry. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00681
- Takeda S, Misawa K, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K (2008). Cannabidiolic acid as a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory component in cannabis. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. doi:10.1124/dmd.108.020909
- Tan WC, Lo C, Jong A, et al. (2009). Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study. CMAJ. link
- Tewari D, et al. (2023). The NLRP3 inflammasome: a vital player in inflammation and mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD. Inflammation Research. doi:10.1007/s00011-023-01831-y
- Thomas TF, Metaxas ES, Nguyen T, Bennett W, Skiendzielewski KV, Quinn DH, Scaletta AL (2022). Case report: Medical cannabis—warfarin drug-drug interaction. Journal of Cannabis Research 4:4. doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00112-x
- Thompson GR 3rd, Tuscano JM, Dennis M, et al. (2017). A microbiome assessment of medical marijuana. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.001
- Tolon RM, Nunez E, Pazos MR, Benito C, Castillo AI, Martinez-Orgado JA, Romero J (2015). Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 reduces neuroinflammatory response in APdE9 mice and in adult mouse glial cells. Neurobiology of Aging 36(12):3179-3192. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.020
- Trimbos-instituut (in opdracht van het WODC) (2025). Lood en pesticiden aangetroffen in cannabis uit Nederlandse coffeeshops. Trimbos-instituut. link
- Turcotte C, Blanchet MR, Laviolette M, Flamand N (2016). The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4
- Tyagi V, Philips BJ, Su R, Smaldone MC, Erickson VL, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N, Tyagi P (2009). Differential expression of functional cannabinoid receptors in human bladder detrusor and urothelium. Journal of Urology. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.078
- Udoh M, Santiago M, Devenish S, McGregor IS, Connor M. (2019). Cannabichromene is a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.14815
- van Breemen RB, Muchiri RN, Bates TA, Weinstein JB, Leier HC, Farley S, Tafesse FG (2022). Cannabinoids Block Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and the Emerging Variants. Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00946
- van Esbroeck ACM, Janssen APA, Cognetta AB 3rd, et al. (2017). Activity-based protein profiling reveals off-target proteins of the FAAH inhibitor BIA 10-2474. Science 356(6342):1084-1087. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7497
- Van Stuijvenberg MP, Ramaekers GMGI, Bijpost Y (2011). Cannabinoïd-hyperemesis-syndroom. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. link
- Vandrey R, Herrmann ES, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, LoDico C, Cone EJ (2017). Pharmacokinetic Profile of Oral Cannabis in Humans: Blood and Oral Fluid Disposition and Relation to Pharmacodynamic Outcomes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. doi:10.1093/jat/bkx012
- Vandrey R, Raber JC, Raber ME, Douglass B, Miller C, Bonn-Miller MO (2015). Cannabinoid Dose and Label Accuracy in Edible Medical Cannabis Products. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6613
- Vaughn SE, Strawn JR, et al. (2022). Hyponatremic Cognitive Dysfunction Resulting from Drug-Drug-Gene Interaction between Sertraline and Cannabidiol in an Intermediate CYP2C19 Metabolizer Patient. Journal of Personalized Medicine / PMC. link
- Viveiros MMH, et al. (2022). Anti-inflammatory effects of α-humulene and β-caryophyllene on pterygium fibroblasts. International Journal of Ophthalmology. link
- Wąsik J, Likońska A, Kurowski M (2024). IgE-Mediated Allergy and Asymptomatic Sensitization to Cannabis Allergens—Review of Current Knowledge and Presentation of Six Cases. Medicina (Kaunas). doi:10.3390/medicina60060954
- Watts S, McElroy M, Migicovsky Z, Maassen H, van Velzen R, Myles S (2021). Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-01003-y
- Weinstock A, et al. (2024). Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: 3-year results from the cannabidiol expanded access program. Epilepsia Open. doi:10.1002/epi4.13013
- Wenger JP, et al. (2020). Validating a predictive model of cannabinoid inheritance with feral, clinical, and industrial Cannabis sativa. American Journal of Botany. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1550
- Werz O, Seegers J, Schaible AM, Weinigel C, Barz D, Koeberle A, Allegrone G, Pollastro F, Zampieri L, Grassi G, Appendino G (2014). Cannflavins from hemp sprouts, a novel cannabinoid-free hemp food product, target microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. PharmaNutrition. doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2013.10.002
- Westin AA, Mjønes G, Burchardt O, Fuskevåg OM, Slørdal L (2014). Can Physical Exercise or Food Deprivation Cause Release of Fat-Stored Cannabinoids?. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12235
- Wise LA, Wang TR, Willis SK, Wesselink AK, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM (2021). Cannabis use while trying to conceive: a prospective cohort study evaluating associations with fecundability, live birth and pregnancy loss. Human Reproduction 36(5):1405-1415. link
- Wong A, Montebello ME, Norberg MM, et al. (2013). Exercise increases plasma THC concentrations in regular cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.031
- Workman CD, Fietsam AC, Sosnoff J, Rudroff T (2021). Increased Likelihood of Falling in Older Cannabis Users vs. Non-Users. Brain Sciences 11(2):134. doi:10.3390/brainsci11020134
- Workman CD, Fietsam AC, Sosnoff J, Rudroff T (2021). Increased Likelihood of Falling in Older Cannabis Users vs. Non-Users. Brain Sciences. doi:10.3390/brainsci11020134
- Wright S, et al. (2012). Assessment of blinding to treatment allocation in studies of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in people with multiple sclerosis: a new approach. Trials. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-189
- Zagzoog A, Halter K, Jones AM, Bannatyne N, Cline J, Wilcox A, Smolyakova A-M, Laprairie RB (2024). The Intoxication Equivalency of 11-Hydroxy-delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Relative to delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. doi:10.1124/jpet.123.001998
- Zhang N, Woldeamanuel YW (2021). Medication overuse headache in patients with chronic migraine using cannabis: a case-referent study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. doi:10.1111/head.14195
- Zheng Y, Reid P, Smith PF (2015). Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Agonists Do Not Decrease, but may Increase Acoustic Trauma-Induced Tinnitus in Rats. Frontiers in Neurology. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00060
- Zullino DF, Delessert D, Eap CB, Preisig M, Baumann P (2002). Tobacco and cannabis smoking cessation can lead to intoxication with clozapine or olanzapine. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. link